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How does a seed grow into a tree? Where does all the mass come from???
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Photosynthesis
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• Plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy of chemical bonds of carbohydrates
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Importance of Photosynthesis
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But that’s not all..
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But wait, there’s more..
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Photosynthesis:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2
carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen
STARCH
photosynthetic products often stored as starch•Starch = glucose polymer
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CO2+H20 C(H2O)+ O2
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Sun
The BIG Picture
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Leaf Structurecuticle - waxy, water resistant layer on
the surface of the leaf
Epidermis - transparent, colourless cell layer below the cuticle
mesophyll cells - pallisade: are elongated cells located just below the epidermal tissue
- spongy mesophyll consists of loosely packed cells where gas exchange takes place
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Fig. 10.2a
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Leaf structure
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Chloroplasts
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Fig. 10.2b
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Chloroplasts• plant cell organelles where photosynthesis
takes place, found mainly in mesophyll layers in leaves
• have an inner and outer membrane
• the liquid material in the chloroplast is called the stroma
• Stroma contains a series of membrane bound sacs called thylakoids which are stacked on top of one another to form grana
• adjacent grana are linked together by lamellae
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• Photosynthesis occurs partly within the stroma and partly within the thylakoid membrane
• The thylakoid membrane contains light-gathering pigments and an electron transport chain
• Thylakoid membranes enclose an interior space called the thylakoid lumen
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Overview of Photosynthesis
1. Light reactions2. Dark reactions – Calvin Cycle
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Fig. 10.4
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• When light strikes an object it can be:1) Reflected2) Transmitted3) Absorbed
• Substances that absorb light are called pigments
• Different pigments absorb at different wavelengths
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Pigments
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Chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs in the red and blue regions of the visible spectrum
• Most of the green wavelengths are reflected so a sample of chlorophyll appears green
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Chlorophyll
•Absorbs red & blue light
•Reflects green light
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Fig. 10.6
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Fig. 10.8
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Energy Storing Compounds
Energy trapped by molecules can be used to lift electrons to a higher energy level.
From that higher energy level the electrons can fall down to their original energy level and do work along the way.
Example – a solar cell that powers a calculator
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Or…
The high-energy electrons can be bound to an electron carrier.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide PhosphateNADP+ accepts a pair of high energy electrons
and a Hydrogen ion to become NADPH
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And of CourseATP – Adenosine TriphosphateEnergy storing compound used by every
living cellProvides the energy for almost all cellular
functions
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Function of ATP
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Light Reactions
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Calvin CycleProducts from the light reactions and CO2
from the atmosphere are used to produce carbohydrates
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Autotrophs• Self-feeders:
– sustain themselves without eating or decomposing other organisms
• Plants are photoautotrophs– They use light
• Some bacteria are chemoautotrophs– Produce organic compounds
without light from substances such as S or NH3
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Heterotrophs
• Live on compounds produced by other organisms
• Eat other plants or animals or are decomposers (bacteria or fungi) that eat fallen leaves, feces, dead animals