Download - How Language Affects Future Behaviour
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How Language Affects Future Behaviour
Prepared by Haruno Shimazaki
University of Toronto School of Continuing Studies English Language Program Advanced Academic Skills
Prepared for Bill Mboutsiadis
22 June 2016
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Researcher Background• Rikkyo University (St. Paul University) in Tokyo
Undergraduate student (2nd year)
• College of Arts, Department of Letters,
Course in English and American Literature
• Historical Linguistics / Phonology ・ Phonetics
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- Can Language Affect How You Spend Your Money? - The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior
(Chen,2013)
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Research QuestionHow Do Languages Affect
Future Behaviours and thoughts?
・ 5 peer edited articles from Roberts Library・ Video lectures(Chen, 2013)
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AgendaFour
theories
• Keith Chen• Daniel Everett• Sapir Whorf• Noam Chomsky
Theory Relationship
s
• Chen &Everett• Chen & Chomsky• Everett & Chomsky
Discussion• Future discourse• Conventional factors
Conclusion
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Four TheoriesKeith Chen (2013)
Daniel Everett (2005)
Sapir Whorf (1922)
Noam Chomsky (1957)
(Chen,2013 &Everett,2005 &Sapir-Whorf, 1922 & Chomsky, 1957)
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Keith Chen (2013)
・ DistanceHow people feel distances between
2 mechanisms present and future・ Distinguish AbilityCognitive linguistics
“The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior; Evidence from Saving Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets”
(Chen, 2013)
Future TenseFTR (Future Time References)Strong-FTRWeak-FTR
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Future
Present Present Future
Strong-FTR Weak-FTRFutureless
1st mechanism“Distance”
(Chen, 2013)
(Chen, 2013)
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RightLeft
CardinalDirections
2nd mechanism“Distinguish ability”
(Chen, 2013)
(Chen, 2013)
Present Future
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Weak-FTR/ Futureless
• Future & Present is equal
• Less distinguish
Future oriented behavior
Save more
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Daniel Everett (2005)Piraha Language
No Number words Effects on Economic Behavior⇒
No Future Tense
Live now
(Everett, 2005)
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (1922)
Strong version
LanguageDetermines
thought
Weak version
Only influencethoughts and decisions
(Sapir-Whorf, 1922)
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Chomsky “Universal Grammar”(1957)・ The grammatical ability to connect more than two ideas, which called Recursion, is an innate ability in all human. ・ Recursion shows up in all languages.
For Example;
Alex has a red car.
⇒Alex, [whom you know very well], has a red car.
⇒Alex, [whom you know very well], has a red car
[which is parked there.](Chomsky, 1957)
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Theory Relationships
(Chen,2013 &Everett,2005 &Sapir-Whorf, 1922 & Chomsky, 1957)
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Chen (2013)Weak-FTR do not separate present and future⇒
Weak-FTR tend to cause future oriented behabiour
Everett (2005)Weak-FTR / Futureless language
⇒ do not conceptualize Future
Weak-FTR tend not to lead future oriented behavior
(Chen,2013. & Everett, 2005)
Chen verses Everett
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Chomsky
Chen Everett
Everett versus Chomsky・ Recursion might exist in all people’s mind, but not necessary in the languages.
Chen versus Chomsky・ Chen did not find any reflection of innate cognitive nor early cultural differences, which argued by Chomsky
Challenge
(Chen, 2013. & Everett, 2005. & Chomsky, 1922)
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Discussion1. What is the definition of future discourse
2. Conventional factors
Future tenses Alternative Ways
LanguageOther Factors
[Cultural, Situational factors]
(Bittner, 2005)
?VS
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Conclusion
Business/Economic fields
etc
Language
• Translation• International
communication
Consumer Behaviour
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ReferencesChen, M. K. (2013). The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. Paris: Mouton and Co.
Everett, D. L. (2005). Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Piraha ̃Everett. D.L (2005). Current Anthropology Vol. 46, No. 4. Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language
Bittner, M. (2005) Online update: Temporal, modal, and de se anaphora in polysynthetic discourse. To appear in C. Barker and P. Jacobson, (eds), Direct Compositionality.
Sapir, E. (1922) Language. Harcourt and Brace. New York.
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Thank you
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Comments&
Questions