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How populations growChapter 14 – Notesheet II
14-3 – population density & distribution
14-4 – population growth curves
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How populations grow Population density –
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How populations grow Population density – number of
individuals living in a defined space
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How populations grow Population density – number of
individuals living in a defined space # of individuals
area (units2)
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How populations grow Population density – number of
individuals living in a defined space # of individuals
area (units2)• example of low density• example of high density
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How populations grow Population dispersion -
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How populations grow Population dispersion – way in which
individuals of a population are spread in an area or a volume
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How populations grow Population dispersion – way in which
individuals of a population are spread in an area or a volume
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How populations grow Survivorship curve -
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How populations grow Survivorship curve – generalized
diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births.
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How populations grow Survivorship curve
type 1 -- common among large mammals; low level of infant mortality;
high level of parental care for young
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How populations grow Survivorship curve
type 2 – birds, small mammals, and some reptiles; survivorship is roughly equal at all points in
organisms life – just as likely to live as to die
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How populations grow Survivorship curve
type 3 – invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and plants; very high birth
rate and infant mortality rate; many offspring die
from predation; low level of parental care for young
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Population Growth Curves Immigration -
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Population Growth Curves Immigration – the movement of
individuals into a population from another population
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Population Growth Curves Immigration – the movement of
individuals into a population from another population Example -
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Population Growth Curves Immigration – the movement of
individuals into a population from another population Example -animals in search of mates or
food arrive from outside the population
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Population Growth Curves Emigration -
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Population Growth Curves Emigration – movement of
individuals out of a population and into another population
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Population Growth Curves Emigration – movement of
individuals out of a population and into another population Example -
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Population Growth Curves Emigration – movement of
individuals out of a population and into another population Example – young animals approach
maturity and leave area to establish new territories
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Population Growth Curves Exponential growth -
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Population Growth Curves Exponential growth – occurs when a
population size increases dramatically over a period of time
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be J-shaped
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be J-shaped Example -
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be J-shaped Example – bacteria, rabbits in Australia
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be J-shaped Example – bacteria, rabbits in Australia
• Usually occurs
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be J-shaped Example – bacteria, rabbits in Australia
• Usually occurs under ideal conditions with
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Exponential growth A graph of exponential growth would
be J-shaped Example – bacteria, rabbits in Australia
• Usually occurs under ideal conditions with unlimited resources
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be __
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be 4
![Page 36: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be 4• Another 20 minutes there will be ___
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be 4• Another 20 minutes there will be 8• In another hour there will be ___
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be 4• Another 20 minutes there will be 8• In another hour there will be 64• In 2 more hours there will be ___
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to
reproduce every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be 4• Another 20 minutes there will be 8• In another hour there will be 64• In 2 more hours there will be 512• In just one day there will be ___
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Exponential growth Bacteria - some are able to reproduce
every 20 minutes If you begin with one bacteria
• 20 minutes later there will be 2• Another 20 minutes there will be 4• Another 20 minutes there will be 8• In another hour there will be 64• In 2 more hours there will be 512• In just one day there will be
4,720,000,000,000,000,000,000
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How population grow Logistic growth -
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How population grow Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
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How population grow Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Why might this happen?
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How population grow Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Why might this happen?
• Birthrate decreases
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How population grow Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Why might this happen?
• Birthrate decreases• Deathrate increases
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How population grow Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Why might this happen?
• Birthrate decreases• Deathrate increases• Or both events occur at same time
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How population grow Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Why might this happen?
• Birthrate decreases• Deathrate increases• Or both events occur at same time
![Page 48: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Logistic growth Graph would be
“S-shaped”
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Graph would be
“S-shaped” Initial growth
would be ___
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Graph would be
“S-shaped” Initial growth
would be slow, followed by a period of ___
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Graph would be
“S-shaped” Initial growth
would be slow, followed by a period of rapid growth
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
![Page 52: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Logistic growth Graph would be
“S-shaped” Initial growth
would be slow, followed by a period of rapid growth
Growth then___ Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Graph would be
“S-shaped” Initial growth
would be slow, followed by a period of rapid growth
Growth then levels off
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
![Page 54: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Logistic growth Caused by some
sort of __________________ on the
population.
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Caused by some
sort of limitingfactor on the
population.
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Carrying capacity -
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Carrying capacity -
the largest number of individuals that a given environment can support
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Carrying capacity -
What if conditions
change?
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Carrying capacity -
What if conditions
change? The carrying
capacity will also change
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
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Logistic growth Carrying capacity -
Where is carrying
capacity on “S” shaped curve?
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
![Page 61: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Logistic growth Carrying capacity -
Where is carrying
capacity on “S” shaped curve?
Time (hours)
Number of yeast cells
Carrying capacity
![Page 62: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Limits on growth Population crash -
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Limits on growth Population crash – a dramatic
decline in the size of a population over a short period of time
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Limits on growth Population crash – a dramatic
decline in the size of a population over a short period of time Example -
![Page 65: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Limits on growth Limiting factors -
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Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease
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Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease Examples -
![Page 68: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease Examples –
• competition
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Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease Examples –
• Competition• predation
![Page 70: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease Examples –
• Competition• Predation• Parasitism and disease
![Page 71: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease Examples –
• Competition• Predation• Parasitism and disease• Drought and other climate extremes
![Page 72: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Limits on growth Limiting factors – a factor that
causes population growth to decrease Examples –
• Competition• Predation• Parasitism and disease• Drought and other climate extremes• Human disturbances
![Page 73: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-dependent factors -
![Page 74: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-dependent factors – a
limiting factor that depends on population size;
![Page 75: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-dependent factors – a
limiting factor that depends on population size; limits only when population density reaches a certain level
![Page 76: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-dependent factors –
Growth rate _________ as density _________
![Page 77: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-dependent factors –
Growth rate decreases as density increases
![Page 78: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Competition
![Page 79: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Competition
Members of population compete with one another for resources such as food and shelter
![Page 80: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Competition
Members of population compete with one another for resources such as food and shelter
As populations become denser, the resources are used up, limiting how large the population can grow
![Page 81: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation -
![Page 82: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
As the wolves prey on the moose, the moose population _________
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 83: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
As the wolves prey on the moose, the moose population decreases
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 84: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
This decline is soon followed by _________in the wolf population
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 85: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
This decline is soon followed by decreasein the wolf population
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 86: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
This decline (of wolf) means the moose has fewer enemies and will therefore eventually ________
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 87: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
This decline (of wolf) means the moose has fewer enemies and will therefore eventually increase
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 88: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Predation – predator-prey relationship
This cycle continues indefinitely
moose wolf
0
60
30
0
1200
2400Wolf and Moose population on Isle Royale
![Page 89: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Parasitism and disease -
![Page 90: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Parasitism and disease –
Example-
![Page 91: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Density-dependent factors Parasitism and disease –
Example- eggs of parasitic wasp inserted beneath skin of larval moth (caterpillar)
![Page 92: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors -
![Page 93: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size
![Page 94: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples -
![Page 95: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples –
• Unusual weather
![Page 96: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples –
• Unusual weather – periodic drought can affect the entire population of grass – and ultimately the food web
![Page 97: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples –
• Natural disasters
![Page 98: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples –
• Natural disasters – volcanoes, tsunamis, tornados, and hurricanes can wipe out populations regardless of density
![Page 99: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples –
• Human activities
![Page 100: How populations grow Chapter 14 – Notesheet II 14-3 – population density & distribution 14-4 – population growth curves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b007f8b9ab05998664a/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Limits on growth Density-independent factors – affect
all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size or density Examples –
• Human activities – threaten habitats by clearing forests, filling wetlands, polluting the air, land and water