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How the Child and Adult CareFood Program Improves Early
Childhood EducationBy Christine Binder, Joel Berg, Maryam Adamu, and Katie Hamm June 2015
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How the Child and Adult CareFood Program Improves EarlyChildhood Education
By Christine Binder, Joel Berg, Maryam Adamu, and Katie Hamm June 2015
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1 Introduction and summary
3 Effects of poverty and food insecurity on young children
5 CACFP in early childhood programs
8 Recommendations for reauthorizing CACFP
13 Conclusion
16 Endnotes
Contents
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Introduction and summary
For many American amilies, finding high-qualiy, affordable child care is an
impossible ask. Bu i is also a necessary one, given ha mos amilies canno
afford o have a ull-ime, say-a-home caregiver.1 Early childhood educaion
and care programs give parens he opporuniy o work, bu hey also have he
capaciy o offer imporan learning opporuniies or children a a crucial sage o
developmen. Unorunaely, hey are oo ofen cos prohibiive; annual child care
coss are currenly higher han he cos o in-sae uiion and ees a public uni- versiies in more han 30 saes.2 Furhermore, research shows ha he child care
opions many amilies sruggle o afford are usually o poor or mediocre qualiy.3
One o he many ools he naion has o suppor low-income amilies and heir
young children is he Child and Adul Care Food Program, or CACFP. Managed
by he U.S. Deparmen o Agriculure, or USDA, and adminisered by saes
and nonprofi groups, CACFP provides snacks and meals o more han 3 mil-
lion children a child care ceners, amily day care homes, Head Sar programs,
afer-school programs, and homeless shelers.4 In 2014, he program unded
nearly 2 billion meals; he vas majoriy o hese wen o children younger han 5.5
Subsidizing meals derays overall child care coss or parens and conribues o
children’s abiliy o hrive and learn. Beyond his, CACFP also has a rack record
o supporing healhy and sae child care environmens.6
Te upcoming ederal child nuriion reauhorizaion, or CNR, process provides
Congress he opporuniy o suppor early childhood hrough CACFP. Tis
repor makes a case or why Congress should include provisions in he CNR bill
o reduce paricipaion barriers or programs and providers and maximize he
program’s poenial.
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Specifically, he reauhorizaion bill should:
• Increase reimbursement rates o more ully cover he coss o meals
• Reduce the CACFP area eligibility test o 40 percen o residens living below
he ederal povery line, or FPL
• Allow three meals per day in CACFP o accoun or he realiy ha many parens
are now working longer and nonradiional hours
• Reduce CACFP paperwork by expanding direc cerificaion and reorming he
complex, wo-iered reimbursemen sysem or amily child care homes
• Bolster the use of CACFP in ensuring safe child care settings
• Create a small pilot grant program o reward saes or using CACFP o supporood relaed coss in preschool expansion
CACFP is a relaively small program, cosing $3 billion annually; his is only
abou 1/25h he level o he budge o he larges ederal nuriion assisance
program, he Supplemenal Nuriion Assisance Program.7 Because CACFP plays
an ousized uncion by leveraging resources, Congress should make a concered
effor o make he program even sronger.
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Effects of poverty and food
insecurity on young children
Te Unied Saes is well ino an economic recovery period ollowing he Grea
Recession. A he end o 2013, unemploymen ell o 6.7 percen and has since
dropped o is lowes level since 2008.8 Addiionally, 10 million jobs have been
added o he economy since early 2010.9 Unorunaely, hese promising numbers
mask a realiy ha many American amilies ace. Food insecuriy daa show ha
many Americans are sill sruggling o find financial sabiliy. Te USDA consid-
ers homes o be “ood insecure” when hey are “a imes, uncerain o having, or
unable o acquire, enough ood or all household members because hey had insu-
ficien money and oher resources or ood.”10 When he Grea Recession hi in2008, he number o children living in such households spiked o 16.6 million
he highes level ever recorded.11 By 2013, 15.8 million American children were
sill living in ood insecure households,12 or nearly one in six American amilies
and abou 28 percen higher han he 2007 rae.
While ood insecuriy is challenging or any amily, hose wih very young children
are hi much harder. Almos hal o all children under age 3collecively reerred
o as inans and oddlerslive in low-income or poor households, making hem
one o he mos vulnerable demographic groups.13 According o a Children’s
HealhWach sudy, 23.7 percen o households wih children under age 4 ace
ood insecuriy.14 Inasmuch as ood securiy is an indicaor o amily economic
securiy, i is an imporan predicor o cogniive and emoional developmen in
young children.15 Researchers coninue o produce a subsanial body o evidence
oulining myriad negaive oucomes or which povery and ood insecuriy pu
children a risk. For children as young as 18 monhs old, he differences beween
low-income children and heir higher-income peers are sark. Food insecure
inans and oddlers are wo-hirds more likely han hose who are ood secure o
be a risk or developmenal delays.16
Tese delays have long-erm healh, emoional, and educaional effecs as children
grow. In shor, children who are hungry ofen become aduls who are hungry.
Bu he converse is rue as well: Children who receive nuriion assisance beore
age 5 have beter healh oucomes as aduls and are more likely o graduae high
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school.17 Graduaing high school increases sudens’ earning poenial by roughly
$10,000 annually, increases heir likelihood o being employed by 4 percen, and
reduces heir likelihood o needing o uilize social saey ne programs laer in
lie.18 Similarly, children who atend high-qualiy early childhood programs are
more likely o graduae rom high school and go on o have higher earnings, avoid
incarceraion, and have beter menal healh as aduls.19
Early childhood is a crii-cal juncure where concenraed inervenions can help children evenually climb
ou o povery as aduls.
Srong early childhood programs are no jus ransormaive or children. High-
qualiy child care and universal pre-K programs are also par o a wo-pronged
approach ha allows parens o work while knowing heir children are in a sae,
nururing environmen. Ye low-income parens ofen find hemselves in a bind:
working o suppor heir amilies bu unable o afford he high-qualiy early learn-
ing opporuniies ha could change heir children’s lie rajecories. Tis is paricu-
larly rue or he 42 million women raising 28 million children in poverymanyo hem doing so alone.20 As lower-income single mohers lead more households,
he economic sabiliy o hese households will have an impac on a much greaer
number o children. In ligh o hese challenges, perhaps he mos imporan way
ha he ederal governmen can direcly improve he lives o millions o American
women, children, and amilies across he economic specrum is o make a bold
commimen o educae and care or children during he firs years o heir lives.
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CACFP in early childhood programs
Te role o CACFP in supporing early childhood programs is paricularly impor-
an. Te USDA Food and Nuriion Service adminisers CACFP by providing
sae agencies, ofen he educaion agency, wih grans o subsidize he cos o
meals and snacks in various programs.21 Roughly wo-hirds o he 2 million meals
served hrough he program go o public or privae nonprofi child care ceners and
Head Sar programs.22 Given ha child care is a major household expense, com-
prising 20 percen or more o income or many amilies, hese reducions in pro-
vider coss make child care a more affordable opion or lower-income amilies.23
Much like public school meals, he snacks and meals served hrough CACFP
mus ulfill specific nuriional requiremens in order o be reimbursed. Te meal
requiremens differ depending on he meal o he day and he age o he child.
For example, CACFP requires ha inans be served breas milk or ormula wih
each meal. A CACFP sudy showed ha low-income oddlers and preschool-aged
children enrolled in he program had beter healh oucomes han heir peers in
child care wih meals supplied rom home. Tey were also 27 percen less likely o
be in air or poor healh, more likely o have a healhy weigh and heigh or heir
age, and 26 percen less likely o be hospialized.24
CACFP meals are reimbursed o providers a raes akin o hose o he Naional
School Lunch Program, or NSLP, which serves ree, reduced-price, or paid meals
in schools. In general, ree meals go o children rom amilies wih incomes a 130
percen o he FPL and below; reduced-priced meals go o children in amilies
wih incomes beween 130 percen and 185 percen o he FPL; and paid meals
go o children in amilies above 185 percen o he FPL. Alhough child care
setings receiving unding are echnically allowed o charge separae ees or
meals based on income, mos do no. Insead, hey roll meal coss ino uiion.25
Reimbursemens or meals served in child care ceners differ rom hose or amily
child care homes: Child care ceners are divided ino hree iers similar o NSLP,
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and amily child care homes are divided ino wo iers based on area povery
raes.26 Family child care homes in areas where he majoriy o residens are a or
below 185 percen o he FPL are auomaically eligible o receive he highes meal
reimbursemen rae or all enrolled children.27 However, amily child care homes
locaed in higher income areas are designaed as ier II and mus documen
low-income children in order o receive meal reimbursemens.28
Providers haveo navigae his edious reimbursemen sysem. While he iered reimbursemen
raes were designed o cu program coss by concenraing benefis on low-income
providers, home-based providers ofen do no have he resources o spare he
hours or und adminisraive posiions or his purpose.29 For many providers, i
makes more sense o op ou o he program.
Addiionally, here is an imporan healh and saey check ha occurs as a resul
o programs paricipaing in CACFP. CACFP regulaions require providers o be
annually licensed and approved by sae healh and saey auhoriies in order o
be eligible or paricipaion.30 I child care providers are exemp rom licensing,hey can obain alernae approval by demonsraing compliance wih local child
care healh and saey sandards or CACFP sandards. Faciliies also mus comply
wih sae ood handling pracices. Prior o he recen reauhorizaion o he Child
Care and Developmen Block Gran, or CCDBG, he ederal governmen did
no dicae he requency o monioring visis and allowed many providers o be
exemp. For some providers, hereore, CACFP was heir only regular healh and
saey inspecion. As saes begin o implemen he new CCDBG law, hey will
have o monior child care programs more regularly and cover more providers.
Te emphasis on rouine qualiy checks is exremely imporan, considering ha
covered children ea nearly wo-hirds o heir nuriional needs in he program
and ha 33 percen o children under age 5 are in non-parenal care.31
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The District of Columbia has emerged as a leader in smart utilization of CACFP
through the Healthy Tots Act of 2014, passed in October 2014.32 Through this legisla-
tion, child care providers are automatically enrolled in CACFP.33 Participation is man-
datory for family child care homes and facilities that serve 50 percent or more low-
income children, unless they are granted an exemption. D.C. provides administrative
funding and technical support so that all eligible centers and homes can participate
in CACFP.34 There is additional municipal funding of 25 cents per day, per child to
help centers implement higher nutritional standards by serving local produce.35
While the federal CACFP only provides funding for two meals per day, additional lo-
cal funding enables child care providers to serve a third meal.36 Finally, the municipal
government also has earmarked competitive grant money for CACFP providers that
implement physical activity, nutrition education, and gardens or Farm-to-Preschool
programs, which connect preschool programs to healthy, locally produced food.37
Local leadership in CACFP
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Recommendations for
reauthorizing CACFP
Te Healhy Hunger-Free Kids Ac o 2010he produc o he las child nuri-
ion bill reauhorizaion processmade some improvemens o he adminisra-
ion o CACFP. By allowing amily child care homes o deermine ier I area
eligibiliy based on middle and high school ree and reduced-price paricipaion
levels, i allowed providers o expand access.38 Te final bill also reduced barri-
ers o paricipaion, simpliying paperwork or parens, child care ceners, and
sponsor organizaions.39 As saes and localiies have aken seps o ensure ha he
changes ha CACFP advocaes hoped or during he las reauhorizaion are sillrealized, hey are showing ha improving and expanding he program is possible.
Tis secion illusraes some specific ways in which he new child nuriion bill can
expand and srenghen he Child and Adul Care Food Program.
Increase reimbursement rates
TABLE 1
CACFP reimbursement rates
Per-meal rates in the 48 contiguous states, 2014–2015
Child care centers Free Reduced Paid
Breakfast $1.62 $1.32 $0.28
Lunch and dinner $2.98 $2.58 $0.28
Snack $0.82 $0.41 $0.07
Family child care homes Tier I Tier II
Breakfast $1.31 $0.48
Lunch and dinner $2.47 $1.49
Snack $0.73 $0.20
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Child and Adult Care Food Program: National Average Payment Rates, Day Care Home; Food ServicePayment Rates, and Administrative Reimbursement Rates for Sponsoring Organizations of Day Care Homes for the Period July 1, 2014
Through June 30, 2015,” Federal Register 79 (136) (2014): 41531–41532, available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-07-16/pdf/2014-16718.pdf.
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Te Insiue o Medicine, or IOM, recenly proposed changes o he meal pa-
ern in an effor o “increase he availabiliy o key ood groups in program meals,
reduce he amoun o solid as and sugars offered, and give providers addiional
flexibiliy o offer meals ha mee paricipans’ nuriional requiremens as well as
heir dieary preerences.”40 Providers ofen repor ha he curren ederal reim-
bursemens do no cover he ull coss o ood and labor, paricularly or hoseserving healhier, resher ood.41 An increase in CACFP reimbursemens would
beter und recommended nuriional improvemens o CACFP, especially in
ligh o increases in ood prices. IOM esimaed ha implemenaion o all o is
science-based recommendaions or breakas, lunch, and a snack would increase
daily ood coss by $0.56, or 44 percen, or 2- o 4-year-olds.42 Per IOM recom-
mendaions, i he paricipaion raes were o remain he same and reimburse-
mens were o increase by $0.26 or breakas, $0.24 or lunch, and $0.06 or
snacks in order o improve he ood’s nuriional qualiy, he added invesmen
or all meals served in child care homes and child care ceners43 would represen a
nearly $37 million invesmen in a program wih a curren cos o approximaely$3 billion.44 Increased invesmen may have he secondary benefi o atracing
higher paricipaion in CACFP among child care providers, hereore increasing
access o healhy oods or more young children in heir care.
Reduce the CACFP area eligibility test
Currenly, paricipaion in a number o child nuriion programs is mos easily
deermined by area eligibiliy, including he Summer Food Service Program, or
SFSP, and CACFP. Tis guideline adds anoher barrier o enry or many pro-
grams, paricularly hose in rural and suburban areas where povery is increasing
and significan bu less concenraed han in urban areas.45 In rural areas, where
children are mos likely o be in deep povery,46 he imporance o cos-saving
measures such as CACFP canno be oversaed. o accoun or his, he area
eligibiliy hreshold should be lowered o 40 percen o he FPL. Tis recom-
mendaion is no novel; prior o sweeping reorms o he public saey ne in he
mid-1990s, area eligibiliy was once as low as 33 percen o he FPL.47 Tis change
could resul in millions more children gaining easier access o early childhood
opporuniies suppored by ederal nuriion programs.
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Allow three meals a day in CACFP
Te years afer he recession saw a growh in he low-wage service economy. In
hese secors, low-income women wih young children are disproporionaely
represened.48 In addiion o paying palry wages, hese posiions ofen schedule
workers on shor-noice a unpredicable hours o reconcile wage expendiuresand consumer aciviy.49 Tese declines in radiional work schedules paired
wih he decline in dual income households mean ha children are in child care
setings or longer porions o he day, including nighs and weekends. Eleven
million children under age 5 are spending an average o 35 hours per week in he
care o someone oher han a paren.50 Tree million o hese children depend
on muliple child care arrangemens due o he nonradiional or exended work
hours o heir parens.51 Tere is a growing need or 24-hour child care, and here-
ore, a growing need or meals. Prior o he Personal Responsibiliy and Work
Opporuniy Reconciliaion Ac o 1996, CACFP allowed an addiional reim-
bursemen or dinner, bu i currenly reimburses only wo meals and a snackorone meal and wo snacksper day.52 Only emergency shelers may claim reim-
bursemens or hree meals. Te number o reimbursable meals should increase
o hree meals and wo snacks or cener- and home-based providers ha have
children in heir care or more han eigh hours per day.
Reduce CACFP paperwork
o deal wih he volume o paperwork associaed wih CACFP, he Paperwork
Reducion askorce was iniiaed in he 2004 child nuriion reauhorizaion
process.53 Among oher suggesions, he askorce suggesed ha he process o
deermining eligibiliy be sreamlined.54 When he wo-iered reimbursemen
sysem was inroduced in 1996 as a par o he Personal Responsibiliy and Work
Opporuniy Ac, many sponsors repored an unsusainable growh in adminisra-
ive burden because deermining area eligibiliy became a more complex process.55
Immediaely hereafer, CACFP paricipaion in amily child care homes dropped
27 percen. Tireen saes exhibied drops o 42 percen or more.56 Te curren
CNR process should make srides o reduce he burden on programs ha wan
o paricipae in his valuable program. Ta begins wih eliminaing he wo-ierreimbursemen sysem, which would enable all paricipaing programs o receive
ree meals and snacks.
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CACFP would also benefi rom expansions o direc cerificaion measures.
Direc cerificaion is a simplified way o deermining program eligibiliy by
ensuring ha children in amilies who paricipae in means-esed programs
including Women, Inans, and Children, or WIC; he Supplemenal Nuriion
Assisance Program, or SNAP, ormerly known as ood samps; he Low Income
Home Energy Assisance Program, or LIHEAP; and Medicaidare noified ohe opporuniy o receive ree meals in programs CACFP serves. Te piecemeal
srucure o social services ofen pushes he burden o racking down programs or
which hey are eligible ono low-income amilies hemselves. Consequenly, chil-
dren and amilies all hrough he cracks. Tese cross cerificaions would do away
wih unnecessary applicaions, make beter use o echnology, and urher reduce
burdens on insiuions and parens. While his approach would increase direc
service coss, he program likely would see considerable adminisraive savings.
Bolster the use of CACFP in ensuring safe child care settings
CACFP has he poenial o play an imporan role in ensuring ha child care
setings provide a sae and healhy environmen or children. As menioned above,
Congress recenly made long overdue updaes o healh and saey sandards in
he child care subsidy sysem by reauhorizing CCDBG.57 Wih respec o licens-
ing, his reauhorizaion requires boh licensed and license-exemp child care se-
ings o be inspeced a leas once per year.58 Prior o his requiremen, child care
setings in some saes could go many years wihou a single inspecion.59 While an
annual inspecion is undoubedly an improvemen, CACFP program represena-
ives sill have he closes conac wih hese early learning environmens in many
cases. As saes ramp up heir monioring requency, hey should consider possible
efficiencies wihin he CACFP program. For example, CACFP represenaives
who are already visiing programs may be able o adminiser a healh and saey
check and disseminae imporan inormaion o providers.
Te las child nuriion reauhorizaion direced he secreary o agriculure o
work wih he secreary o healh and human services o encourage sae licens-
ing agencies o implemen wellness sandards a child care ceners and homes
o ensure ha children have healhy ood, physical aciviy, and limied screenime.60 Drawing on he language o CCDBG, his upcoming bill should urher
enhance he role o CACFP adminisraors o improve he qualiy o early learning
environmens. Tis process presens he opporuniy o be proacive in creaing
high-qualiy learning requiremens by disseminaing he laes inormaion and
resources and promoing bes pracices, such as hose relaed o sae sleep.
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Create a small pilot grant program
Policymakers who wan o enhance access o early learning programs or young
children ofen ace budge consrains. CACFP could play a role in providing
unds or some o he upron inrasrucure coss relaed o ood service, such as
ood preparaion and sorage equipmen and saff ime and raining or sae oodhandling. Making $5 million o CACFP innovaion grans available o saes,
ribes, counies, and ciies each year would caalyze nonederal governmen eni-
ies o uilize he program in creaive ways. Tis would spur expansion o early
learning programs in coordinaion wih he Deparmens o Educaion and Healh
and Human Services, and hese limied unds would help governmen eniies be-
er mach CACFP unds wih educaional unds o creae seamless nuriional and
educaional services or young people.
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Conclusion
o be well read, children mus firs be well ed. Te Unied Saes suffers rom high
raes o childhood ood insecuriy and lags behind in educaional perormance,
wo highly inerconneced problems. Te presiden and Congress should work
ogeher o ensure ha he new child nuriion reauhorizaion process maximizes
he poenial o CACFP. Modes improvemens o CACFP have he power o cre-
ae social progress on a number o key rons, including reducing childhood ood
insecuriy, boosing children’s healh, and enabling parens o work and suppor
heir amilies.
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About the authors
Christine Binder is he Direcor o Child Nuriion Policy and Programs
a he
New York Ciy Coaliion Agains Hunger, which works in New York Ciy and
naionwide o run programs and enac he public policies necessary o end U.S.
hunger. She coordinaes NYCCAH’s Child Nuriion Program, uilizing advo-cacy, oureach, communicaions, and voluneerism o increase access o ederal
child nuriion assisance programs, including school meals, he Summer Food
Service Program, and Women, Inans, and Children, boh locally and naionally.
Chrisine graduaed rom Oberlin College, where she sudied American hisory
and chemisry, and she received her maser o public healh nuriion rom NYU.
Prior o joining NYCCAH, Chrisine worked o improve and increase access o
child nuriion programs a WhyHunger and Slow Food USA.
Joel Berg is a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress. Since 2001,
he has served as he execuive direcor o he New York Ciy Coaliion AgainsHunger, which works in New York Ciy and naionwide o run programs and
enac he public policies necessary o end U.S. hunger. Prior o his work wih
he coaliion, Berg served or eigh years in he Clinon adminisraion in senior
execuive service posiions a USDA. He is a naionally recognized leader in he
fields o hunger and ood securiy, naional and communiy service, and echni-
cal assisance provision o aih-based and communiy organizaions. He is also
auhor o he book, All You Can Eat: How Hungry is America? Earlier in his career,
he worked as USDA coordinaor o communiy ood securiy, as a policy analys
or he Progressive Policy Insiue, and a domesic policy saff member or hen
Presiden-elec Bill Clinon’s ransiion eam. He holds a bachelor’s degree rom
Columbia Universiy and is he pas winner o he U.S. Secreary o Agriculure’s
Honor Award or Superior Service and he Congressional Hunger Cener’s
Mickey Leland Naional Hunger Figher Award.
Maryam Adamu is a Research Assisan or he Early Childhood Policy eam a
American Progress. Previously, she was an Emerson Naional Hunger Fellow
wih he Povery o Prosperiy Program and Progress 2050 eam, where her work
ocused on economic and racial jusice in ligh o he 50h anniversary o he
Civil Righs Ac. Prior o joining American Progress, Maryam worked o expandhe ederal Summer Food Service Program in he Pitsburgh, Pennsylvania, area
and co-direced he Global Engagemen Summi, a suden-organized conerence
aimed a building he capaciy o he nex generaion o social change leaders. She
holds a degree in poliical science rom Norhwesern Universiy.
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Katie Hamm is he Direcor o Early Childhood Policy a American Progress. Prior
o joining American Progress, Kaie worked as a program examiner a he U.S.
Office o Managemen and Budge, or OMB, on ederal child care and early educa-
ion programs, including he Race o he op Early Learning Challenge, he Child
Care and Developmen Fund, and he Head Sar program. Her work ocused on
developing budge proposals o srenghen he qualiy and access o early child-hood programs. She also worked on inernaional issues in early childhood while
on deail o he Organisaion or Economic Co-operaion and Developmen, or
OECD. Earlier in her career, Kaie worked a he Cener or Law and Social Policy,
or CLASP, and he Insiue or Women’s Policy Research, or IWPR, on child care
and early educaion issues.
She holds a bachelor’s degree rom he Universiy o Virginia and a maser’s degree
in public adminisraion rom he Maxwell School o Ciizenship and Public
Affairs a Syracuse Universiy.
Acknowledgments
Te auhors would like o hank Sacy Dean and Zoe Neuberger a he Cener
on Budge and Policy Prioriies or heir helpul commens on previous drafs o
his repor.
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16 Center for American Progress | How the Child and Adult Care Food Program Improves Early Childhood Education
Endnotes
1 Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Kids Count Data Center:Children under age 6 with all available parents in thelabor force,” available at http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-force#detailed/1/any/false/868,867,133,38,35/any/11472,11473 (lastaccessed March 2015).
2 Child Care Aware of America, “Parents and the HighCost of Child Care” (2014), available at https://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdf
3 Jennifer Erickson, ed., “The Middle-Class Squeeze”(Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013),available at https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdf.
4 Food and Nutrition Service, Food and Nutrition Service:Program Facts (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014),available at http://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheet. The program also subsidizesdaily meals for approximately 120,000 physically andmentally impaired adults older than 50. For more, seeAsha Brundage-Moore, “Child and Adult Care Food Pro-gram Reaches Far and Wide,” March 16, 2015, availableat http://blogs.usda.gov/2015/03/16/child-and-adult-care-food-program-reaches-far-and-wide/.
5 National Conference of State Legislatures, “Child andAdult Care Food Program (CACFP)” (2015), available athttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Re-port.pdf ; Rachel Cooper and Geri Henchy, “Child &Adult Care Food Program: Participation Trends 2012”(Washington: Food Research and Action Center, 2012),available at http://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_re-port_2012.pdf .
6 L. D. Ritchie and others, “Participation in the Childand Adult Care Food Program is associated with morenutritious foods and beverages in child care,” ChildhoodObesity 8 (3): 224–229; Food Research and Action Cen-ter, “Proposed Child Care and Development Fund Rule:Recommendations for Fully Utilizing Child and Adult
Care Food Program” (2013), available at http://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recom-mendations.pdf .
7 Food and Nutrition Service, Food and Nutrition Service:Program Facts.
8 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics fromthe Current Population Survey,” available at http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 (last accessed June2015).
9 Federal Research Bank of St. Louis, “Graph: All Em-ployees: Total Nonfarm,” available at http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5 (last accessed June2015).
10 Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Christian Gregory, and AnitaSingh, “Household Food Security in the United States in
2013” (Washington: Economic Research Service, 2014),available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspx.
11 Joel Berg, “Feeding Opportunity: Ending Child HungerFurthers the Goal of Cutting U.S. Poverty in Half overthe Next Decade” (Washington: Center for AmericanProgress, 2010), available at http://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdf .
12 Coleman-Jensen, Gregory, and Singh, “Household FoodSecurity in the United States in 2013.”
13 Sophia Addy, William Engelhardt, and Curtis Skinner,“Basic Facts about Low-Income Children Under 3Years: 2011” (New York: National Center for Childrenin Poverty, 2013), available at http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_1074.pdf
14 Children’s HealthWatch, “Too Hungry to Learn: FoodInsecurity and School Readiness,” available at http://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdf (last accessed June 2015).
15 Anne Fernald, Virginia A. Marchman, and AdrianaWeisleder, “SES differences in language processing skilland vocabulary are evident at 18 months,”Developmen-tal Science 16 (2) (2013): 234–248.
16 Children’s HealthWatch, “Too Hungry to Learn: FoodInsecurity and School Readiness.”
17 Margot I. Jackson, “Early childhood WIC participation,cognitive development and academic achievement,”Social Science & Medicine 126 (2015): 145–153, availableat http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953614008168.
18 Arloc Sherman, Sharon Parrott, and Danilo Trisi,“Chart Book: The War on Poverty at 50, Section 3”(Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,2014), available at http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073.
19 W. Steven Barnett and Ellen Frede, “The Promise of Pre-school: Why We Need Early Education for All,” AmericanEducator, Spring 2010, available at http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdf.
20 Ibid.
21 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Child and Adult CareFood - Participation, Meals and Costs,” May 8, 2015,available at http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdf .
22 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Early Childhood andChild Care Study: Summary of Findings (1997), availableat http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLD-CARE.PDF.
23 Erickson. ed., “The Middle-Class Squeeze.”
24 Annie Gayman and others, “Child Care Feeding Pro-grams Support Young Children’s Healthy Development”(Boston: Children’s HealthWatch, 2010), available athttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/re-source/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdf.
25 Office of Management and Budget, “Child and AdultCare Food Program (CFDA 10.558); OMB Circular A-133Compliance Supplement; Part 4: Agency Program Re-quirements: Department of Housing and Urban Devel-opment” (2012), available at https://www.whitehouse.
gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdf .
26 Abt Associates Inc., “Reimbursement Tiering in theCACFP: Summary Report to Congress on the Fam-ily Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study”(2002), available at www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_fanrr22.pdf.
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-force
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27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Mary Kay Crepinsek, Linda Ghelfi, and William L.Hamilton, “Households with Children in CACFP ChildCare Homes—Effects of Meal Reimbursement Tiering”(Washington: Economic Research Service, 2002),available at http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_efan02005.pdf .
30 Food and Nutrition Service, Independent Child Care
Centers: A Child and Adult Care Food Program Handbook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014), available athttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/cacfp/Inde-pendent%20Child%20Care%20Centers%20Handbook.pdf.
31 Lynda Laughlin, “Who’s Minding the Kids? ChildCare Arrangements: Spring 2011” ( Washington: U.S.Department of Commerce, 2013), available http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publica-tions/2013/demo/p70-135.pdf.
32 Healthy Tots Act of June 2014, available at http://dc-clims1.dccouncil.us/images/00001/20130712104049.pdf.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Food Research and Action Center, “The Healthy,Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: Child and Adult CareFood Program Summary” (2010), available at http://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdf .
39 Ibid.
40 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Child and Adult CareFood Program: Meal Pattern Revisions Related to theHealthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010,” Federal Register 80 (10) (2015), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-15/pdf/2015-00446.pdf.
41 Oregon Child Development Coalition, “A StatewideAnalysis of the Child and Adult Care Food Program andFamily Child Care Providers in Oregon” (2014), availableat http://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CACFPReport.pdf.
42 National Research Council, “Child and Adult Care FoodProgram: Aligning Dietary Guidance for All” (Washing-ton: The National Academies Press, 2011), available athttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/12959/child-and-adult-care-food-program-aligning-dietary-guidance-for.
43 Increased reimbursements would also go to a smallnumber of adults. For more, see U.S. Department ofAgriculture, “Child and Adult Care Food - Participation,Meals and Costs.”
44 Based on authors’ calculations of National Research
Council, “Child and Adult Care Food Program: AligningDietary Guidance for All” and Food and NutritionService, Food and Nutrition Service: Program Facts.
45 Elizabeth Kneebone, “The Growth and Spread of Con-centrated Poverty, 2000 to 2008-2012” (Washington:Brookings Institution, 2014), available at http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/2014/concentrat-ed-poverty#/M10420.
46 Linda K. Smith, “Child Care in Rural Areas: Top Chal-lenges,” July 9, 2010, available at http://www.naccrra.org/sites/default/files/default_site_pages/2012/ru-ral_top_concerns_070910.pdf.
47 Food Research and Action Center, “Lowering AreaEligibility from 50 Percent to 40 Percent,” available athttp://frac.org/leg-act-center/cnr-priorities/lowering-area-eligibility-from-50-percent-to-40-percent/ (lastaccessed June 2015).
48 Deborah Povich, Brandon Roberts, and Mark Mather,
“Low-income Working Mothers and State Policy: Invest-ing for a Better Economic Future” (The Working PoorFamilies Project, 2014), available at http://www.work-ingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdf.
49 Center for Law and Social Policy, Retail Action Project,and Women Employed, “Tackling Unstable and Unpre-dictable Work Schedules” (2014), available at http://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publica-tion-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdf.
50 Lynda Laughlin, “Who’s Minding the Kids? Child CareArrangements” (Washington: U.S. Department ofCommerce, 2013), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p70-135.pdf.
51 Ibid.
52 National Conference of State Legislatures, “Child andAdult Care Food Program (CACFP),” April 14, 2015,available at http://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdf.
53 Food and Nutrition Service, Child and Adult Care FoodProgram: Paperwork Reduction Work Group Final Report (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007), available athttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CACFPPa-perworkReductionReport.pdf .
54 Ibid.
55 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Family Child CareHomes and the CACFP,” available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1787172/fanrr3a.pdf (last accessedJune 2015)
56 Iris Pettigrew, JoAnn Kuchak, and Linda Ghelfi,“Administrative Costs in th e Child and Adult Care FoodProgram: Results of an Exploratory Study of the Reim-bursement System for Sponsors of Family Child CareHomes” (Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture,2006), available at http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/13600/pdf.
57 Maryam Adamu, “New Child Care Regulations Area Step in the Right Direction,” Center for AmericanProgress, September 17, 2014, available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Food Research and Action Center, “The Healthy,Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: Child and Adult CareFood Program Summary” (2010), available at http://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdf .
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8/21/2019 How the Child and Adult Care Food Program Improves Early Childhood Education
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