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Session Outline
• Why do literature searches
• Finding books – a quick recap
• What are journal articles
• Finding journal articles
• Improving your internet searching
• Information Sources Quiz
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Information Sources
• Lecture Notes– Good starting point for assignments.
• Books– Good sources of background information.
• Journal Articles– Good source of information on latest research– Provide more detailed information than books
• Geological Surveys– For geological data on a particular area.
• Websites– Can provide useful information– Need to evaluate website before using
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Literature Searches – why do them?
• “A few months in the laboratory can save a few hours in the library.” - Westheimer's Law
• You need to know what research has already been done so you can build on that research
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Finding Books – A Quick Recap
• Library catalogue: http://library.le.ac.uk
• Brumbaugh, D. S. 1999. Earthquakes: science and society. Prentice Hall.– Use the ______________________ search
• Books by Philip Kearey– Use the ______________________ search
• Books on volcanoes• - Use the ___________________ search
Author/Title
Author
Word or Phrase
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Why Use Journal Articles?• Journals
– Publications that are issued at regular intervals – Also called serials or periodicals– Primary information sources through which research is
made known to the geological community
• Often the most up to date reliable resource– Quality (scholarly) journals are refereed/peer-reviewed– Articles are reviewed by other authors in the field– Comments, corrections and revisions are made to submitted
papers– Final published versions are therefore quality assured by the
research community
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Three Types of Science Journal
– General journals • Devoted to news, opinion, comment and
articles for non-experts• e.g. Geology Today
– Scholarly journals • Devoted to original research contributions• e.g. Journal of Geology
– Review journals• Devoted to original contributions taking an
overview of the published literature• e.g. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
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Recognising Journal Articles
• Bohaty, Steven M., Zachos, James C, 2003. Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene. Geology, 31(11):1017-1020.
• Look for whether it has
• An ____________ & a _____________
• A ______________ & an ___________
Article Title Journal Title
Volume Number
Issue Number
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What is a Bibliographic Database?
• Need to search bibliographic databases– Effectively an online way of searching for journal
articles
• Each one indexes lists of bibliographic information for publications– Such as books and journal articles– Some overlap in coverage
• Bibliographic information normally comprises:– Author, title, source (journal title), year, volume, page
numbers & abstract summary
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Key Bibliographic Databases
• GeoRefs– Geology and Earth-Sciences coverage– Includes journals most other resources don’t– http://firstsearch.uk.oclc.org/athens/
• Scopus– General Science coverage– http://www.scopus.com
• Web of Knowledge– Multidisciplinary coverage– http://wok.mimas.ac.uk
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Types of Search
• Keyword/Subject Search– When you are looking for material on a particular
subject– Need to be systematic in your searches – Ensures accurate results and avoid information-
overload
• Author Search– When you are looking for material published by key
names in a field• Identified in lectures, books, review journal or other articles
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Keyword Searching (1): Concepts
• Question: Find out about ore deposits in the UK– Identify the important concepts and words in
the question:• Ore• Deposits• UK
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Keyword Searching (2): Variants
• Think about variations of the keywords you’re using:
• Ore– Ores, Orebody, Mineral, Minerals…
• Deposits– Deposit, Deposition…
• UK– United Kingdom, Britain, England, Wales,
Scotland, British Isles…
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Keyword Searching (3): Truncation
Ore Ores Ore* Orebody
•Saves typing!
•Picks up multiple terms from foreshortened word-stem
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Keyword Searching (4): Boolean Logic
• AND– This is used to combine search terms to narrow your
search
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Keyword Searching (4): Boolean Logic
• OR– This is used where various terms might describe the
same object
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Keyword Searching (4): Boolean Logic
• NOT– This is used when you wish to exclude a word from
your search
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Keyword Searching (5): Search Strategies
• Brackets are used as in a mathematical equation, to tell the database how to combine the words
(ore* OR mineral*) AND deposit* • A more specific search could be:
((ore* OR mineral*) AND deposit* AND (uk OR united kingdom)) NOT
hematite
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Author Searching
• Question: Find an article by Dr Gawen RT Jenkin
• Search on:– Jenkin G*
• May or may not publish with middle initials• Journals may or may not other initials
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Tools to Refine Results
• You can also use limits/filters to narrow your search– E.g. by date or publication type
• Can include before or after a search
• Helps avoid potentially overwhelming levels of results– Easier to chose the pick of the crop
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Improve your Internet Searching
• Use more than one search engine as they use different searching algorithms
• Use the advanced search features in Google & Yahoo– Phrase searching– Search a specific field e.g. title or URL– Limit by language, file type, domain
• Use the options for specific media e.g. images, groups, news
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Google Scholar• “Search specifically for scholarly literature”
– No definition as to what Google classify as scholarly!– Can be some odd gaps/omissions
• http://scholar.google.com• Often links to full text but might not link to the version
of the full text available to the University – On-campus it will give you an e-link option to check whether
you can access the full text for free
• Good first place to see what is available and what keywords to use – But use bibliographic databases in your subject too!
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Open Access Research
• A move from academics annoyed over journal prices– No passwords, subscriptions or access restrictions
• Researchers make articles available for free (outside of journals)– Held in online repositories– Still include peer-review elements
• Can easily be searched using OpenDOAR– http://www.opendoar.org/search.php
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Evaluating Websites• Intended Audience
– Is the site aimed at researchers or the general public?
• Authority and Reputation – Is the resource well known? – Is it an academic site? – Is it factual or opinion based? – Does the information have a basis in research and is a
bibliography provided?
• Subject Coverage– Is the site an overview or does it cover the subject in-depth?
• Currency – – Has the site been recently updated?
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Questions?
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Useful Links
• Geology Subject Room: http://rooms1.library.le.ac.uk/rooms/portal
• Referencing:• http://www.le.ac.uk/li/sources/subject3/geol/ist/
references.html • Geology Information Retrieval Skills Tutorial:
http://www.le.ac.uk/li/sources/subject3/geol/ist/intro.html• Web of Science tutorial:
http://inhale.hud.ac.uk/perl/jump.pl?72-678 • Library catalogue tutorial:
http://inhale.hud.ac.uk/perl/jump.pl?72-832