How to give an oral presentation
• View oral presentation as a process of anticipating & overcoming potential misunderstandings– Identify what is the confusion– Identify what is the strategy for explaining the
confusion
What is a good presentation?
• Informing is a poor way of presentation – It is not focused on understanding – Over-emphasis on hooking the audience to
gain its attention – Trying to establish its need for information– Too focused on form, Not contingent on
material; • Not all material is best explained via examples,
visual aids, frameworks, charts, it depends on the type of material you present
What is a Poor way of Presentation?
• Inform – Create awareness of latest information on
some topic (E.g., News reports)
• Explain• Improve understanding of something
audience is aware of but does not fully grasp
• Explaining helps deepen understanding or master a skill
Explaining vs. Informing
• Analyze audience’s source of ‘confusion’– What can the audience be confused about?– Why the audience might not understand info?
• Identify good, empirically supported techniques (explanations) for overcoming audience confusion– Rowan article
How to explain
Steps to follow to develop your presentation
Read assigned material
Is it a idea that ishard to believe?
Is it a concept? Is it a process?
Classify the aspect
Focus on one aspect
Examples, counter examples etc.
Identify invalid assumptions of implicit theory etc.
Model to explain processes or parts
• Answer ONE of the following : 1. What does a concept mean?
2. How are two things related?
3. Why are two things not related ?
• Your short presentations will answer the qs 1 your long presentation may answer qs 1 & 2 OR qs 1 & 3 (depending on support/non support for hypothesis)
Focus of Your Presentation
• Define concept to be explained by listing its features
• Give examples of concept
• Differentiate concept from confusing concept– Give examples of confusing concept that can
be mistaken for examples of the concept to be explained
– Compare features of the concept to be explained and the confusing concept
Steps to follow when explaining a concept….
One example on how to explain concepts
• What is a hypothesis – Examples of a hypothesis
• Frequent giving and receiving boosts productivity and social standing
• Perceived generosity is positively related to social status
Give examples of the concept
• A hypothesis is not a variable or a result – Examples
• A result= The level of frequent giving was high• A variable= The level of productivity was low
Differentiate concept from confusing concept
• Features of a hypothesis – Must be empirically testable– At least two variables must be involved
Sekaran, Saks
Define concept by listing features
Comparing examples of concept vs. counter concept
Hypothesis Result
•Frequent giving & receiving boosts productivity and social standing
•The instructor’s gender is female•The level of productivity is high•Frequent giving and receiving boosts productivity and social standing
Comparing features of concept vs. counter concept
Hypothesis Result
•A guess about the relationship between two variables
•An empirical fact about a variable•An empirical fact about the relationship b/w two variables
After developing content of your presentation, think about structure and ordering of that content
Structural Aspects of Presentation Slides
•Have a clear introductory & summarizing component with 3 or fewer points
•Are well structured & the logic of the organization is clear
•Have clear & accurate headings & subheadings
Examples of Intro & Summaries
Introduction SummaryWhat is a hypothesis
•A hypothesis is a guess about the relationship between two variables
• What is a summary? – More like “learning points”– It is a short descriptive review of what you
just explained
• An implication – E.g., Why audience should care about your
presentation– E.g., now that the audience knows about your
presentation how should they apply it
Summary vs. Implication
What’s next….
•Had a clear introductory & concluding component with 3 or fewer points
•Are well structured & the logic of the organization is clear
•Have clear & accurate headings & subheadings
• Titles for entire presentation– Should reflect the question you will answer– Can reflect the agenda (if short)
• E.g., What makes a good leader?
• Titles of each slide– Title should reflect the content of the slide– Titles should tell you the connection to the
previous slide– REFLECT LOGICAL ORGANIZATION
Titles
Titles of slides vs. Headings vs. subheadings
Title of slide is an accurate description of the content of the slide
Subheadings elaborate on points made in headings
Headings
• Titles of slides should connect with each other and form the structure of your presentation
Another feature of titles of slides
Putting it all together
An example of how to explain concepts with examples, counter examples & features, using good titles, headings & subheadings,
What is a Field Study
Examples
• Field study – Handgun magazine sales & gun related
deaths from Guns & Crime Article in Economist
– Conference Board study
• Sample Survey– Gallup Polls– Meta-analysis
Features differentiating research designs
• Degree to which 1. They Maximize generality of behaviors studied
2. The behavior being studied is independent of the setting
3. Settings are natural to the behavior being studied
4. results are specific of the Systems studied
5. Cause & effect are determined precisely
A tabular display of similarities & differences
between field study & sample survey
Differences & Similarities between Field Study & Sample Survey
Field Study Sample Survey
Particular Systems Hi Low
Contrived setting Low High
Setting Dependence High Low
Generality Low High
Precision Moderate Moderate
A graphic display of similarities & differences
between field study & sample survey
(also serves as summary)
Particular Behavior SystemsUniversal Behavior Systems
ObtrusiveOperations
UnobtrusiveOperations
NaturalSettings
ContrivedSettings
FieldStudies
FieldExperiments
LabExperiments
MaximumContext
MaximumPrecision
MaximumGenerality
Formal Theory
Sample Surveys
SettingIndependent
Behavior notmeasured
ComputerSimulations
Runkel& McGrath, 1972
ExperimentalSimulations
What you learned so far...
• How to generate the content of your short oral presentation
• How to structure the content
Additional types of explanations for Long
Presentation
• Why are the variables in your hypothesis are related
• Why the variables in you hypothesis are not related
How to explain why two things are related
1.Creating a good general impression
2.Conceptualize parts
• Provide a good general impression of phenomenon via….
• Graphics/Models• Verbal strategies
• Structure suggesting titles – Five dimensions of personality
• Organizing analogies – An organization is like a jazz quartet
• Model suggesting topic sentences – Need fulfillment works like a pyramid
• Note: Models/analogies should be commonly shared
1st step to explaining why two things are related
Example explanation of why two things are related
Using Previously read abstract on help & productivity
Frequency of Help
Productivity
Social Status
Giving a general impression
• Help audience conceptualize parts, processes, inter-relations via
• Transitional phrases, previews, summaries & explicit statements of relationships that help in refining mental models • Do not use short sentences and sacrifice words like
“because” and “for example”• Repeat/recreate initial comparisons
2nd step to explaining why two things are related
Frequency of Help
Productivity
Social Status
Efficiency in resource exchange
Information about others’ interests
Liking for helper
Example: Breaking down the process
1. Identify reason for hypothesis
2. Identify limitations of reasoning for hypothesis
3. Explain the reason for the counter hypothesis & how that reason is supported with empirical evidence
How to explain why hypothesis is not supported
• e.g., Participation does not lead more difficult goals being set
1. Identify reason for pro hypothesis– Participation results in more difficult goals
being set because subordinates want their supervisors to believe that they are highly capable and therefore choose more difficult goals than those that may be assigned to them by the supervisor
Example explanation of counter hypothesisStep 1
2. Demonstrate limitations of reason behind pro hypothesis
– Assumes that supervisors do not know the abilities of the subordinates and so assign easy goals
Example explanation of counter hypothesisStep 2
3. Explain the reason for the counter hypothesis & how that reason is supported with empirical evidence
– When supervisors know the abilities of subordinates, participation does not result in more difficult goals as shown in results of study x....
Example explanation of counter hypothesisStep 3
What you learned today
• How to generate the content of a presentation of ‘research’– Define variables– Explain why things are related– Explain why things are not related
– How to structure the content