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HowWeGot
...theBible
Charlie Brackett
Clarion Word Publishingwww.clarionword.com
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A.TheBible 1.Auniquebook.
a. TheBibleisthemostamazingbookofallhistory.
b. Untoldyearsofeffortandcarewentintoproducing
copiesaccurately,preservingtheoriginaltextand
verifyingcopies. c. Translatedintomanylanguages,theBiblecontinues
tobethetopsellingbookeachyear.
2.Manybooksinone.
a. TheBibleiscalledtheBookofbooks.
b. Composedofmanybooksatotalof66.
1) 39booksintheOldTestament.
2) 27booksintheNewTestament.
3.TwosectionscalledTestamentsorCovenants.
a. ThemessageoftheBibleislargelypresentedwithin
theframeworkofthesetwocovenants.
b. Theyarereferredtointernallyandexternallyasthe
OldandNewCovenants.
c. Itisfundamentalthattheoldwasreplacedbythenew.
Hebrews8:7-13 4.TheBiblecoversthreeperiodsofdivinegovernment.
a. Patriarchal-fromthebeginningofcreationtothe
givingoftheLawofMosesonMountSinai.
b. Mosaical-fromgivingoftheLawofMosestothe
deathofChristonthecross.
c. Christian-fromthedeathofChristuntilChrist
returns.Referredtoinscriptureasthe last days.Acts2:17;Hebrews1:2
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5.ThemeoftheBible
TheBiblestory,takenasawhole,tellsofGodcreating
mankindandhishabitationforthepurposeofmankindbeinglovedbyGodand,inturn,lovingandglorifying
God.MansinnedthusfailingtoloveGod.ButGod,
beingcompassionateandforgiving,gaveHisonlySon
as payment in sacrice for the sins of man so that anyone
whorepentsandobeysGodcan,throughChrist,be
saved,reconciledwithGod,andcanattaintotheimage
andpresenceofGodthroughouteternity.TheBibletells
ofmansredemptionfrombeginningtoend:
a. Gods purposeforit,
b. Hisplanningofit,
c. HispromisesregardingittoAbrahamandhis
descendants,
d. the prophesyingofitbyholyprophetsthroughout
centuries,
e. nal preparationforitsdeliverance, f. perfectionofitinthelifeanddeathofJesus,and
g. perpetuationofthewonderfulprovisionsof
redemptiondownthroughtheagestoourtime.
6.ReliabilityofBiblicaltext
a. Manytodayaskif,throughallthecopiesand
theagesseparatingusfromtheoriginalwriters,
theaccuracyoftheBible,particularlytheNewTestament,waspreserved.Itisagoodquestion.
b. ItislogicalthatthesameGodwhowrotetheBible
alsopreservedit.
1) Cantherebeanydoubtthattheintelligence,
wisdomandpowerwhichproducedtheBible
isablealsotosafeguarditfromchangeor
destructionanddeliveritintacttosucceeding
generations.
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2) Godnotonlycould,buthewantedtokeepHis
wordintactforthesamereasonsHewantedto
communicate to man in the rst place. 3) AllowingHismessagetobedestroyedor
tamperedwithinanywaywoulddefeatGods
purposeforthecreationofmanand,therefore,
theuniverse.GivenwhattheBiblesaysabout
whoGodis,HispowerandHiswisdom,this
possibilityisunthinkable.
c. GodsclaimsaboutHiswordnecessitatedthatHe
protectituntilnow.
1) TheBibleclaimsitwillendureforeverthus
implyingenduranceinoriginalform.Byclaiming
HiswordwilllastforeverGodwouldhaveto
takewhateverstepsneededtoassurethatnoone
destroyedit.Mark13:31;1Peter1:23,25
2) ByclaimingHiswordisperfectGodobligated
Himselftoprotectitfromtampering.Proverbs30:5;James1:25;1Peter2:2;Deuteronomy4:2;
12:32;Revelation22:18,19
3) By claiming His word is all-sufcient God
obligatedHimselftopreserveittodothework
forwhichHeclaimednothingelsewasneeded.
2Timothy3:17;Jude3
d. SecularrecordsindicatethatGodis,infact,
preservingHisword.
1) Despiteattemptsthroughouthistorytoeliminate
the Bible and its inuence, the Bible continues to
inuence the world today.
2) Sinceoriginaldocumentsarenotavailabletous
today,howreliablearethecopieswehave?
a) Thereisatremendousamountofevidence
substantiatingreliabilityofourBibleversions;alittleofthiswillbepresentedlaterunderthe
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separateheadingsofOldandNewTestament
reliabilitytoshowthattheBibleistrustworthy.
b) There are three basic principles used in the eldofhistoriographyfortestinghistoricalreliability
ofancientwritings.
(1)Thebibliographicaltest.
(2)Theinternaltest.
(3)Theexternaltest.
c) ThebibliographicaltestaloneshowstheBible
messagetohavebeentransmittedthrough
manuscriptcopiestoourtimewithno
consequentialchange.
3) Otherancientdocuments,comparedtotheBible,
havesurprisinglylittleevidencetosupportthe
authenticityofthecopiesnowinourpossession,yet
weacceptthemwithoutquestion.Basedoncurrent
evidence,nootherancientliteratureisnearlyas
trustworthyastheBible.
B.OldCovenant. 1.Language
a. TheOldTestamentwaswrittenintwolanguages:
HebrewandAramaic,neitherdeadtoday.
1)IsraelspeaksHebrew.
2)AramaicisspokensomeinSyria.
b.Hebrew 1)AfamilyoflanguagescalledSemitic.
2)VerydifferentfromtheEnglishlanguage.
a) Twenty-twocharactersintheHebrewalphabet.
Eachoftwenty-twostanzasinPsalm19begins
withadifferentHebrewletter.
b) Charactersarealldifferent,butitishardtotell
someapart.
c) Novowels(theywereaddedlaterfor
convenience).
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d) Thelettersarewrittenbackwards,fromrightto
left.
3) MostalloftheOldCovenantiswritteninHebrew. c. Aramaic.
1)SomeoftheOldTestamentiswritteninAramaic.
a) OneverseinJeremiah(10:11)
b) SixchaptersinDaniel(2:4b-7:28)
c) SeveralchaptersinEzra.
2)Thelettersdontappearanydifferentthanthosein
Hebrew.
2.OldTestamentcanon
a. Denition ofcanon.
1) FromtheGreekkanonmeaninga measuring rod, a
level,ora ruler.
2) Itwasalsousedtomeanalistorindexthusreferring
tothelistofbookswhicharerecognizedas
Scripture.
3) Thecanonicityofabookisnotthesameasitsauthority.
a) BooksoftheBibleshouldnotbeconsidered
authoritativebecausetheywereincludedon
somelistbyachurchcouncil.
b) Actually,bookswereincludedinacanon
becausetheywereauthoritative.
c) ThepronouncementsinBiblebookswereauthoritativelongbeforetheywereevenwritten
down.ConsiderExodus24:7and1Corinthians
14:37
d) Nocouncileverselectedbookstobeincluded
inacanon,butratheronlyrecognizedas
canonicalthosebookswhichhadcrushedoutall
oppositionbytheirweightandworthingeneral
use.
b. TheHebrewversion,accordingtoJosephus,had
twenty-twobooksinthreegroups.
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1)FiveofLaw-GenesisthroughDeuteronomy.
2)ThirteenProphets-
a) Former-Joshua,Judges(includingRuth),SamuelandKings.
b) Latter-Job,Isaiah,Jeremiah(including
Lamentations),Ezekiel,Esther,Daniel,Ezra/
Nehemiah,Chronicles,andTheTwelve.
3)FourWritings-Psalms,Proverbs,SongofSolomon,
Ecclesiastes.
c. Ourversionhaspreciselythesametextastheearly
Jewishcanon,butwithdifferentbookdivisions.Now
weseparateMinorProphetsintotwelvebooksand
dividesomeothersdifferently.
1)FiveofLaw-GenesisthroughDeuteronomy.
2)TwelveofHistory-JoshuathroughEsther.
3)FiveofPoetry-PsalmthroughSongofSolomon.
4)FiveMajorProphets-IsaiahthroughDaniel.
5)TwelveMinorProphets-HoseathroughMalachi. d. TheCatholicBibleaddsadditionalbookscalledthe
apocrypha(Greek,apokruphos)meaninghiddenor
concealed.Thisreferstothefactthattheiroriginwas
doubtfulorunknown.
1) Totaloffourteenindividualbooksandadditionsto
thethirty-nineOldTestamentbookswehave.
I Esdras
II Esdras
Tobit
Judith
The Wisdom of Solomon
Ecclesiasticus,orSirach
Baruch
Susanna,addedasthe13thchapterofDaniel
Bel and the Dragon,14thchapterofDaniel Additionsto Esther
Song of Three Hebrew ChildrenafterDaniel3:23
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Prayer of Manasseh
I Maccabees
II Maccabees 2) MostwerewritteninGreek,someinHebrew:
Tobit, Judith, Sirach,Baruch(partprobablyin
Greek),and I Maccabees.
3) Allwrittenbetween200BCand100AD,during
thesilentperiodbetweenthebookofMalachiin
theOldTestamentandMatthewintheNew.
a) OldestisSirach(190-170BC)
b) PartsofIIEsdraswereprobablywrittenaslate
as100AD.
4) Christandtheapostlesneverquotedthemthough
hundredsoftimestheyquotedandreferredtomost
ofthetwenty-twobooksofJewishcanon.
5) Writersoftheapocryphafrequentlyquotedfrom
OldTestamentscriptures,butofcourse,nowhere
didOldTestamentwritersmentiontheapocrypha. 6) Earlysecularwritersdidnotrecognizethe
apocryphaasinspired.
a) TheJewishhistorianJosephus(AD30-100)
explicitlyexcludedthemclaimingthere
wereonlytwenty-twoinspiredbooksinthe
OldTestament.Heneverquotedfromthe
apocrypha.
b) TheAlexandrianJewishphilosopherPhilo(20
BC-40AD)frequentlyquotedfromtheOld
Testamentandrecognizeditsthreedivisions,
butneverfromtheapocryphaasinspired.
c) Manyearlychurchfathers-Origen,Cyril
ofJerusalem,Athanasius-spokeagainstthe
apocrypha.
d) Jerome(340-420),scholarandtranslatoroftheVulgate,rejectedtheapocryphaaspart
ofthecanon.HedisputedwithAugustineon
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this point, at rst refusing to translate them
intoLatin.Laterhehurriedlytranslatedafew.
OnlyafterhisdeathweretheybroughtintohisLatinVulgate.
7) No canon or council for the rst four centuries
recognizedtheapocryphaasinspired.Theywere
actuallyrejectedbyJewishscholarsattheircouncil
ofJamnia(AD90).
8) Manylaterscholarsrejectedtheirinspiration.
a) ManyRomanCatholicscholarsthroughthe
Reformationperiodrejectedthem.
b) MartinLutherandthereformersgenerally
rejectedthem.
9) FinallyacceptedintothecanonbytheRoman
CatholicChurchattheCouncilofTrentin1546.
e. The Jewish Septuagint version conrms our Old
Testamentcanon.
1) TheSeptuagintwasaGreektranslationofHebrewscripture rst done in the reign of Ptolemy
PhiladelphiaofEgypt(285-246BC).
a) Jewswhohadsettledinvariouspartsofthe
worldneededacopyofscriptureinGreek,the
common,universallanguageoftheday,since
manysecond,third,andlatergenerationJews
couldnotspeakHebrew.
b) Septuagintmeansseventy(usuallyreferred
tobyRomannumeralsLXX,butnowthis
designationofthetranslationisbeingreplaced
bythetermsThe Old Testament in Greekand
The Alexandrian Version).
c) Traditionssays:
(1) Ptolemywasresponsiblefordevelopment
ofagreatlibraryatAlexandria,Egypt,with world class cultural signicance.
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(2) InterestinHebrewlawmotivatedPtolemy
toarrangefortranslationwithEleazer,the
JewishhighpriestatJerusalem. (3) Sixelderswerechosenfromeachof
twelvetribesofIsrael(72total)todothe
translation.
(4) The Pentateuch (ve books of law by
Moses)wastranslatedtoGreekin72
days,translatorsworkingindependently
andtheirtranslationsbeingcomparedfor
accuracyattheconclusionofthework.
d) Later,therestofthetwenty-twobooksof
JewishscriptureweretranslatedintoGreek
formingtheSeptuagintversioninuseatthe
timeofJesusandtheapostles.(Fromthe
prologueofSirachitisgenerallyunderstood
thatAlexandrianJewshadaGreekversion
oftheLaw,theProphets,andtherestofthebooksbytheyear132BC,orcertainlybyas
lateas100BC.)
e) Booksoftheapocryphawerelateraddedto
theSeptuagintbytheJews(2ndcentury),but
thisadditionwasafterJesususeoftheearlier
version had conrmed its completeness.
2) Jesusandtheapostlesoftenquotedfromthe
Septuagint.
3) JesusreferredtothecompleteOldTestamentcanon
bycitingitsthreedivisionsinLuke24:44.
4) Jesus conrmed completeness of the Jewish canon
inMatthew23:35.
a) HespokeofthebloodofrighteousAbel
(Genesis4:8)tothebloodofZechariah(2
Chronicles24:20-21).b) The rst book in the Jewish canon was Genesis
andthelastwas2Chronicles.
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c) Jesusstatementislikeoursaying,From
Genesis (rst book of the Old Testament) to
Malachi(lastbookoftheOldTestament). d) ThusJesusrecognizedthethencurrentJewish
canon (rst book to last) as the complete
collectionofoldscriptures.
3.OldTestamentManuscripts
a. CairoCodex(AD895)isintheBritishMuseum.Itwas
producedbytheMassoreticMosesbenAsherfamily
andcontainstheprophets. b. CodexoftheProphetsofLeningrad(AD916)includes
Isaiah,Jeremiah,Ezekielandthetwelveminor
prophets.
c. CodexBabylonicusPetropalitanus(AD1008)in
LeningradistheoldestcompleteOldTestament
manuscript.
d. AleppoCodex(AD900+),oncethoughtlost,was
rediscoveredin1958. e. BritishMuseumCodex(AD950)containspartof
GenesisthroughDeuteronomy.
f. ReuchlinCodexoftheProphets(AD1150).Textwas
preparedbyMassoretebenNaphtali.
4.ReliabilityofOldTestamenttext
a. FindsamongtheDeadSeaScrollsshowtheaccuracy
oflaterMassoretictexts. 1) TheIsaiahAscrollisthecompleteHebrewtext
ofIsaiahdatedabout125BCwhichprovesthe
accuracyoftheMassoreticcopyofIsaiahmadein
916AD,over1,000yearslater!
2) TheIsaiahBscroll,anincompletecopyof
IsaiahfoundamongtheDeadSeaScrolls,further
substantiatesthisaccuracy.
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b. TheSeptuagint,orLXX,isveryclosetothe
MassoreticTextof916ADthusestablishingreliability
oftheMassoreticcopy1,300yearslater. c. SamaritanText(5thcenturyBC).Variationsbetween
theSamaritanPentateuchandtheMassoreticcopy
of 916 AD are insignicant compared with points of
agreement.
d. TheTargums.Theseworkswereparaphrasesofthe
OldTestament,whichappearedinwrittenformabout
500AD,andprovethattheHebrewtextatthetime
oftheTargumswassubstantiallythesameasourOld
Testamenttexttoday.
e. TheMishnah(AD200),acollectionofJewish
traditionsandexplanationsofthelaw,werewritten
inHebrewandoftenregardedastheSecondLaw.
Thequotationstheycontainareverysimilartothe
Massoretictextof916AD.
f. TheGemaris(AD200-AD500)arecommentariesoftheOldTestamentwritteninAramaicwhichsupport
Massoreticreliability.
g.TheMidrash(100BC-300AD),doctrinalstudies
oftheOldTestamentHebrewtext,aresubstantially
Massoretic.
h.Othersecularworks.Manyotherwritingsshowby
theirquotationsandreferencestotheOldTestament
thatthetextinuseduringtheyearsAD40-254was
quitesimilartotheMassoretic.
C.NewCovenant 1.Language
a. TheNewTestamentwaswrittenintwolanguages.
b.Aramaicwasthetongueofthecommonmanin
Palestineafter500BC.
1) Jesusandtheearlydisciplesprobablynormally
spokeinAramaic.
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a) Mark5:41
b) Mark7:31
c) Matt27:46 2) ThereareseveralindicationsthatearlyChristians
usedthelanguage.
a) AbbaisAramaicforFather.Romans8:15;
Galatians4:6
b) Our Lord comewasprobablyacommon
expressionintheearlychurch.1Cor.16:22
3) Aramaiccontinuestobespokensometodayin
Syria.
c. Greek.
1) MostoftheNewTestamentwaswrittenin
Hellenistic(Koine,orcommon)Greek.
2) Nolanguageinhistorywasmoreabletogetthe
gospelmessagetoalltheworld.
3) TodayGreekisspokenbymillions,thoughKoine
Greekisnolongerused. 2.NewTestamentcanon
a. During the rst period of their usage, New Testament
bookswerenotinacollection.
1) Duringtheyearsofwritingmuchteachingwas
doneorally.
a) Becausedirect,divineinspirationwouldnot
last(1Corinthians13:8-10)themessagewaswrittendownbydivinemenunderguidanceof
theHolySpiritsothatlatergenerationswould
havethesameteachingasthosewholivedwith
theapostles.1Corinthians2:10-13;2Peter
1:19-21;Ephesians3:3-5
b) TheNewTestamentmessagebegantobe
writtenabouttwentyyearsafterJesusascended
to the Father and was completed in forty-ve
yearsorless.
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2) Earlyletterswerepassedaround.Colossians1:16;
1Thessalonians5:27
3) Theprocessofcollectingbooksmayhavebegunearly.2Peter3:15,16
a) ExternalevidenceindicatesearlyChristianshad
thenumberofdistinctbookswenowhaveand
mayhavedividedthemintothreegroups:
(1) Fivebooksofhistory-GospelsandActs.
(2) Twenty-oneofdoctrine-RomanstoJude.
(3) Oneofprophecy-Revelation.
b) Thecollectingofbookswasprobably
completedbythe2ndor3rdcentury.Another
methodofgroupingthemwas:
(1) Book1-LettersofPaul
(2) Book2-Fourgospelaccounts
(3) Book3-Thegeneralepistles
(4) Book4-TheRevelation
b. Afteralltwenty-sevenwerewritten,earlywritersfrequentlyappealedtotheauthorityoftheNew
Testament(Examples:JustintheMartyr,Irenaeus,
Origen)
c. Variouslistsofbooksbelievedtobeinspiredexist
fromthe2ndtothe4thcenturies.
1) Therewashardlyanyquestionthenregarding
inspirationoftwentyofthetwenty-sevenbooks.
2) Somequestionswereraisedaboutseven.
3) Butforalmosttwomillenniumtoourtime,the
vastmajorityofscholarshaveacceptedallofthe
twenty-seven.
d. Churchcouncilshaveagreedaboutthecanonofour
twenty-sevenbooks.
1) CouncilatHippoRegius,NorthAfrica,393AD.
2) CouncilatCarthage,NorthAfrica,in397.e. Today we divide the same twenty-seven books into ve
groups:
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1) FourGospels-MatthewthroughJohn.
2) OneofHistory-Acts;thebeginningofthechurch.
(AcontinuationofLuke,beingbythesameauthor.)
3) FourteenSpecialLetters-Romansthrough
Hebrews.
4) SevenGeneralLetters-JamesthroughJude.
5) OneofProphecy-Revelation.
Note: InearlyGreekmanuscriptsthegeneralletters
werefoundfollowingActsandbeforePauls
letters.
3.EarlyNewTestamentManuscripts
a. JohnRylandsMS(manuscript)(130AD)islocatedin
theJohnRylandsLibraryofManchester,England,and
istheoldestextantfragmentoftheNewTestament.
b. BodmerPapyrusII(150-200AD)islocatedinthe
BodmerLibraryofWorldLiteratureandcontainsmost
ofJohn. c. ChesterBeattyPapyri(200AD)isacollectionof
papyruscodices,threecontainingmajorportionsof
theNewTestament.Thiscollection(partlyownedby
theUniversityofMichigan)ishousedintheChester
BeattyMuseuminDublin.Thesedocumentsbring
ussoclosetothedatesoforiginalNewTestament
writingsthattheyallbuteliminateanyquestionabouttheauthenticityofmoderncopies.
d. CodexVaticanus(325-350AD)intheVaticanLibrary
containsnearlyalltheBible.
e. CodexSinaiticus(350AD)intheBritishMuseum
containsalmostalltheNewTestamentandoverhalfof
theOld.
f. CodexAlexandrinus(400AD),writteninGreek,
containsalmosttheentireBible.Itishousedinthe
BritishMuseum.
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g. CodexEphraemi(400sAD)isintheBibleotheque
Nationale,Paris.EveryNewTestamentbookis
representedexcept2Thessaloniansand2John. h.CodexBezae(450AD+)isintheCambridgeLibrary
andcontainstheGospelsandActsinbothLatinand
Greek.
i. CodexWashingtonensis(about450AD)containsthe
fourGospels.
j. CodexClaromontanus(500sAD),abilingual
manuscript,containsthelettersofPaul.
4.NewTestamentReliability
a. Manuscriptevidence.Thereisfarmoremanuscript
evidencefortheNewTestamentthananyotherbody
ofancientliterature.
b. Therearemorethan5,300knownGreekmanuscripts,
10,000LatinVulgateandatleast9,300otherearly
versionstotallingmorethan24,000manuscriptcopies
ofportionsoftheNewTestamentinexistencetoday. c. Theearliestextantmanuscriptsofanysubstanceare
ofthe4thcentury-about250to300yearsafterthe
originalwritings.
1)Bycomparison,thechartonthenextpageshows
similardataonotherworksofantiquitywhose
reliabilityisgenerallynotquestioned.
2)NootherancientwritinghasasmanysupportingdocumentsverifyingauthenticityasdoestheNew
Testament.
d. IstheNewTestamentrelevanttoday?
1)Yes,byitsclaimtoall sufciency.
2)Yes,byitsclaimtobeeverlasting.
3)Yes,byitsclaimtobethe word of the only, all-wise
Creator.
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Literary Works of Antiquity Compared
(ChartfromEvidence That Demands a Verdict,p.42)
Date Earliest Time No.of
Written Copy Span Copies
HomersIliad 900BC 400BC 500yrs 643
CaesarsGallic Wars 58-50BC 850AD 900yrs 9-10
LivysRoman History59BC-17AD 4thCentury 20
(Only35of142booksremain)
PlatosTetralogies 427-347BC 900AD 1,200yrs 7
Sophocles 496-406BC 1,000AD 1,400yrs 193
Aristotle 384-322BC 1,100AD 1,400yrs 10
New Testament 40-96AD 125AD25-85yrs 24,000+
(All27booksareintact)
4) Yes,byitsclaimthatGodhas in these last days
spoken to us byHis Son.Hebrews1:1,2
a) ItisGodswordforourtime;thesearethelast
days.
b) ThereisnohigherauthoritytotellthisgenerationhowtolivethantheSon,Jesus
Christ,speakingfortheFather.
D.Conclusions
1.TodaysBibleistrustworthy.
Thereisanoverwhelmingamountofevidencethat
moderncopiesofthetextofGodswordareauthentic.
2.Theaccuracyofnootherancientbookissowell
attested.
If,afterreviewingtheevidence,wecannotacceptthe
authenticityofeithertheOldorNewTestament,thenwe
mustrejectaswelltheauthenticityofeveryotherancient
writingknowntoman.
3. WhatwehavetodayisthetruewordofGod.
AsSirFredericKenyonsaidinhisbookOur Bible andthe Ancient Manuscripts,...theChristiancantakethe
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wholeBibleinhishandandsaywithoutfearorhesitation
thatheholdsinitthetrueWordofGod,handeddown
withoutessentiallossfromgenerationtogenerationthroughoutthecenturies.
Bibliography
The Holy Bible,TheNewKingJamesVersion,Thomas
NelsonPublishers,Nashville,Tennessee,1988
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia,editedby
JamesOrr,WilliamB.EerdmansPublishingCo.,GrandRapids,
Michigan,1939
Evidence That Demands a Verdict, Volume I,JoshMcDowell,
HeresLifePublishers,Inc.,SanBernardino,Calif.,1989
Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts,SirFredericG.
Kenyon,Harper&Brothers,NewYork,N.Y.,1941
Charlie Brackett
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