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ABOUT THE INDUSTRY:
History of Film
Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of film in 1876
onwards. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film spped to be devised.
Early photography in the form of daguerreotypes did not use film at all. Eastman Kodak
developed the first flexible photographic film in 1885. This original film was coated on paper.
The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889. With the slogan "you press the button,
we do the rest," George Eastman put the first simple camera into the hands of a world of
consumers in 1888. In so doing, he made a cumbersome and complicated process easy to use and
accessible to nearly everyone.
Since that time, the Eastman Kodak Company has led the way with an abundance of new
products and processes to make photography simpler, more useful and more enjoyable. In fact,
today's Kodak is known not only for photography, but also for images used in a variety of
leisure, commercial, entertainment and scientific applications. Its reach increasingly involves the
use of technology to combine images and information--creating the potential to profoundly
change how people and businesses communicate.
Just as Eastman had a goal to make photography "as convenient as the pencil," Kodakcontinues to expand the ways images touch people's daily lives. The company ranks as a premier
multinational corporation, with a brand recognized in virtually every country around the world.
Photographic film is a sheet of plastic(polyester, PET, nitrocellulose orcellulose
acetate) coated with anemulsion containing light-sensitivesilver halide salts (bonded bygelatin)
with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film.
When the emulsion is sufficiently exposed tolight(or other forms ofelectromagnetic
radiationsuch as X-rays), it forms alatent(invisible) image. Chemical processes can then be
applied to the film to create a visible image, in a process called film developing.
In black-and-white photographic film there is usually one layer of silver salts. When the
exposed grains are developed, the silver salts are converted to metallic silver, which blocks light
and appears as the black part of the film negative.
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Color film uses at least three layers. Dyes, which adsorb to the surface of the silver salts,
make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top,
followed by the green and red layers. During development, the exposed silver salts are converted
to metallic silver, just as with black-and-white film. But in a color film, the by-products of the
development reaction simultaneously combine with chemicals known as color couplers that are
included either in the film itself or in the developer solution to form colored dyes. Because the
by-products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development, the dye
clouds formed are also in proportion to the exposure and development. Following development,
the silver is converted back to silver salts in the bleach step. It is removed from the film in thefix
step. This leaves behind only the formed color dyes, which combine to make up the colored
visible image.
Newer color films, like Kodacolor II, have as many as 12 emulsion layers, with upwards
of 20 different chemicals in each layer.
Due to film photography's long history of widespread use, there are now around onetrillion pictures on photographic film or photographic paperin the world,[1] enough to cover an
area of around ten thousand square kilometres (4000 square miles), about half the size of Wales.
FUNCTIONS:
The camerais the image-forming device, andphotographic filmor asilicon electronic image
sensoris the sensing medium. The respective recording medium can be the film itself, or a digital
electronic or magnetic memory.[4]
Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material (such as film)
to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on film) or "raw file" (in digital
cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use
an electronicimage sensorbased on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled
device(CCD) orcomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) technology. The resulting
digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on paper or film.
The camera (or 'camera obscura') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all
light is excluded except the light that forms the image. The subject being photographed,
however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is
kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly
illuminated.
USES:
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Photography gained the interest of many scientists and artists from its inception. Scientists have used
photography to record and study movements, such as Eadweard Muybridge's study of human and animal
locomotion in 1887. Artists are equally interested by these aspects but also try to explore avenues other
than the photo-mechanical representation of reality, such as thepictorialistmovement. Military, police,
and security forces use photography for surveillance, recognition and data storage. Photography is used
by amateurs to preserve memories of favorite times, to capture special moments, to tell stories, to sendmessages, and as a source of entertainment.
FILM BASICS
There are several types of photographic film, including:
Print film, when developed, turns into a negative with the colors (or black and white
values, in black-and-white film) inverted. This type of film must be "printed"that is either
enlarged by projecting through a lens, or placed in direct contact as light shines through it
ontophotographic paper(which in turn is itself developed) in order to be viewed as intended.
Print films are available in bothblack-and-whiteandcolor. Color print films use an orange
color correction mask to correct for unwanted dye absorptions and improve color accuracy.
Although color processing is more complex and temperature-sensitive than black-and-white
processing, the great popularity of color and minimal use of black-and-white prompted the
design of black-and-white film which is processed in exactly the same way as a standard
color film.
Color reversal film after development is called a transparency and can be viewed
directly using a loupe orprojector. Reversal film mounted with plastic or cardboard for
projection is often called a slide. It is also often marketed as "slide" film. This type of film is
often used to produce digital scans orcolor separations for mass-marketprinting.Photographic prints can be produced from reversal film, but the process is expensive and not
as simple as that for print film.
Black-and-white reversal film exists, but is uncommon. Conventional black-and-white
negative stock can be reversal-processed, to give black & white slides, as by dr5 Chrome.[3] Some kits were available to enable B&W reversal processing to be done by home-
processors, but most are discontinued. B&W transparencies can be produced from almost all
B&W films
COMMON SIZES OF THE FILM
135 "35 mm"
IX240 APS (Advanced Photo System) or "Advantix"
110
126
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127
120/220 for use in medium format photography
Sheet film for use in large format photography
Disc film obsolete format used in disc system cameras
Motion picture films 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm and 70 mm
COMPANIES
AgfaPhoto**
Agfa-Gevaert (Materials division)
Bergger(European company composed of former Guilleminot employees.)****
Dai Nippon Printing
Efke
Foma
Forte**
Ferrania
Fujifilm
Ilford
Imation (film division purchased by Ferrania)
Kodak
Konica Minolta*
Lucky
Maco****
Mitsubishi
ORWO
Perutz*
Polaroid***
ProClick
Rollei
Shanghai (SMPIC Photosensitive Materials Factory)
Solaris (owned by Ferrania)
Svema*
Tasma*
Tura**
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RAW MATERIALS
A roll of film consists of the emulsion and base that compose the film itself, the cassette or
cartridge, and outer protective packaging. The materials used to make the emulsion are silver,
nitric acid, and gelatin. The base consists of cellulose and solvents that are mixed to form a thick
fluid called dope. Film that is packed in a cassette (35-millimeter film is typically packed this
way) requires a metal spool, the protective metal canister, and plastic strips at the canister
opening where the film emerges. Other sizes of film including Polaroid film are protected from
light and air by plastic cartridges or packs. Outer packaging, which varies among film products,
is made from foil-lined paper, plastic, and thin cardboard cartons. The outer packaging is also
insulating and protects the film from exposure to light, heat, and air.
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Base
For most films, the base to which the light-sensitive emulsion is fixed consists of cellulose
acetate, which is wood pulp or cotton linters (short cottonseed fibers) mixed with acetate to forma syrup. Solid pellets of cellulose acetate precipitate or separate out of the syrup and are washed
and dried. The pellets are dissolved in solvents to form the transparent, honey-like dope. The
dope is spread in a thin, even sheet on a wheel that is two stories in diameter. The wheel is plated
with chromium for a smooth finish, and it turns slowly. The solvents in the dope volatilize or
evaporate as the wheel turns. The process is much like the applying and drying of nail polish.
The remaining base is a thin sheet of plastic that is of a uniform thickness measured in ten-
thousandths of an inch. When it is dry, the base is removed from the wheel and wound on 54-inch (137 cm) diameter reels.
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Emulsion
Silver is the main ingredient of the emulsion. Pure silver bullion is received at the
manufacturing plant in bars that are checked by weight and serial number. The bars are dissolved
in a strong solution of nitric acid, and the process releases heat. After the acid has completely
dissolved the silver, the solution is stirred constantly and cooled. Cooling causes crystals of
silver nitrate to grow, much like salt crystals in water. The crystals are wet with water that also
separates out. The crystals are removed from the solution and whirled in centrifuges with sieve-
like openings to remove the water and keep the crystals pure. At this point in the process, the
chemical solutions are light-sensitive, so further manufacturing processes are completed in
darkness.
Meanwhile, gelatin has been made using distilled water and treated with chemicals including
potassium iodide and potassium bromide. The gelatin serves as a binding agent to hold the silver
nitrate crystals, and also to fix them to the base. The gelatin and chemicals are mixed in cookers
that are lined with silver so the emulsion remains pure. As the mixture cools, silver halide salts
(chemical combinations of the silver, iodide, and bromide) form as fine crystals that remain
suspended in the gelatin to make the emulsion.
Coating process
The emulsion is pumped through a piping system to "coating alley," a huge work area
that may be 200 feet (61 m) wide and five stories high. The area must be immaculately clean and
dust-free, and the operations of the roll-coating machines are controlled by arrays of control
panels in the fully automated process. Machines coat precise amounts of emulsion in micro-thin
layers on the wide strips of plastic base; a single, dried layer of emulsion may be six one-
hundred-thousandths of an inch thick. Successive layers of three emulsions are applied to the
base to make color film, and each emulsion layer has its own color-forming chemicals called
linked dyes. The three emulsion layers in color film respond to blue, green, and red light, so each
photograph is a triple latent image with the sandwiched color range reproduced by processing.
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The strips of emulsion-coated base (now film) are cut into progressively narrower widths,
perforated so the film can be advanced in the camera, and spooled, except for instant film and
sheet film that are packed flat.
Packaging
Film is packed in cartridges, cassettes, rolls, instant packs, or sheets. Cartridges are used
in certain types of cameras and include a take-up spool that is built in so the exposed film and
cartridge are removed as a unit. Cassettes are made for cameras that use film in the 35-millimeter
format. They consist of a spool enclosed in a metal jacket. The tongue of the film is drawn over
the pressure plate at the back of the camera to a take-up spool that is built into the camera. When
the film is finished, it is rewound onto the spool in the cassette, and the unit is removed.
Rollfilms consist of paper-backed film that is packed on a spool like the one in the camera. The
film is wound onto the spool in the camera, and that spool and film are removed. The spool on
which the film was packed originally can then be moved to the receiving side of the camera, and
a new roll inserted. The packs for instant cameras contain 8 to 12 sheets that are ejected
individually after each shot. Sheet film is used for specialized applications like x-ray film.
Plastic cartridges for cartridge-type film are made by injection molding, in which fluid-
like plastic is squirted mechanically into forms or molds. These are hardened, removed from the
molds, and trimmed and smoothed. The spooled film is then placed in the cartridges and sealed.
The metal canisters are printed on the outside, cut to shape and size, trimmed and smoothed, and
edged with protective plastic. The metal is shaped around the spools of film. Plastic canisters and
caps are also made for the film canisters, as are other types of outer packaging such as foil-lined
paper pouches, and the outer cartons. The packaging is dated, shrink-wrapped in plastic in
quantities appropriate for sale, packed in cardboard containers for shipping, and stored in air-conditioned rooms to await shipment.
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QUALITY CONTROL
In all phases of manufacture, photographic film is extremely sensitive to light, heat, dust,
and impurities. Air flow into the film-manufacturing rooms is washed and filtered. Temperature
and humidity are carefully regulated. Production rooms are scrubbed clean daily, and plant
workers wear protective clothing and enter sensitive work areas through air showers that clean
personnel of dust and contaminants. Each step of manufacture is carefully inspected and
controlled. For example, the chromium-plated wheel on which the base is formed is inspected to
maintain a mirror-like finish because tiny imperfections will affect the quality of the film.
Finally, samples of film are removed from completed batches and subjected to many tests,
including the taking of photographs with the samples.
BYPRODUCT/WASTE
Factory workers and the environment must also be protected from the hazardous
chemicals, fumes, and wastes that can be generated during the process. Protective clothing keeps
the product clean and insulates the workers from possible contaminants. Air released to the
outside is also filtered and monitored. Extensive recycling is done, not only to protect the
environment but also to salvage valuable materials such as silver for purifying and reuse. The
photographic film industry was also among the first to use incineration successfully to burn
wastes efficiently and control emissions.
THE FUTURE
Film manufacturers are continually improving the quality of film so that photographs are
sharper, color is truer, graininess is reduced, and film speed is improved. Several new camera
films use "T-grain" emulsion technology, in which the molecular structure of the silver halide
crystals is modified to create silver grains shaped like tiny tablets. The flat shape helps them
collect light efficiently, so sharper photographs are produced from higher-speed films. This
technology also benefits the environment because fewer chemicals are needed for processing
film, and the opportunity for chemicals to enter the environment is reduced.
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The next advance in photography does not require film at all; the film-free camera stores
photographs digitally without any film. Digital cameras electronically transfer images to
computers which can then print the images.
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CONTRIBUTION OF PHOTO FILM INDUSTRY TOWARDS INDIAN ECONOMY
MUMBAI: India's burgeoning film and television industry created nearly 1.8 million jobs and
contributes an immense $6.2 billion (Rs 28,305 crores) to the Indian economy, according to a
new report released by PricewaterhouseCoopers.
The report, titled Economic Contribution of the Indian Film and Television Industry, also finds
that the sector has a total gross output of $20.4 billion (Rs 92,645 crores) and contributes more to
the GDP of India than the advertising industry.
"This report demonstrates the importance of the film and television sector to the overall growth
and vitality of the Indian economy. Indians should be proud of the staggering growth that the
film and television industry has achieved," said Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
chairman Dan Glickman, who launched the report in New Delhi at the Asia Society Conference.
"The film and television industry in India is one of the world's largest markets in terms of
number of consumers and offers significant growth potential. Over the past few years the
industry has experienced rapid double-digit growth and it is expected that this trend will continue
in future, resulting in increasing contribution to the Indian economy," added Time Warner senior
vice president Hugh Stephens.
The combined revenues of the Indian film and television industry were over $7.7 billion (Rs
35,000 crores) in the calendar year 2008. This is expected to grow at a rate of 11% over the next
five years, reaching a size of over $13 billion (Rs 60,000 crores). Commissioned by the Motion
Picture Distributors Association (India), representing the MPA in India, the study measures the
direct, indirect and induced economic impacts created by the film and television industry, and
combines them to determine the industry's total economic contribution.
Glickman also commented that the report illustrates the need to protect the Indian film and
television industry. "While still growing, the Indian film and television industry already
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contributes significantly to India's economy, and the menace of copyright theft jeopardizes a
movies ability to make money - if at all. This affects the level of investment available for new
films and the ability to create new jobs for workers throughout the country. The launch yesterday
of the coalition to protect film and television content is as such a clear reflection of the Indian
creative communitys recognition of the urgent need to act quickly to address this threat," he
said.
On the need for a strong legislative response to tackle copyright infringement, Motion Picture
Dist. Association (India) managing director Rajiv Dalal said, "While the film industry has come
together to fight intellectual property theft, the industry also needs the Indian government to pass
legislation such as anti-camcord restrictions that would allow for effective copyright
enforcement."
UTV Motion Pictures CEO Siddharth Roy Kapur asserted, "While this report is significant as it
highlights the economic benefits of our industry, let us not forget our community's social and
cultural contribution to the development of society in India."
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1.1 NEED FOR STUDY:
Hindustan Photo Film Manufacturing Co. Ltd., (HPF) one of the major industrial units of the
district, is a public sector enterprise, under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of
Heavy Industry. The study was conducted to know the current level of employees satisfaction
about the benefits provided by HPF.
1.2 OBJECTIVES:
To identify employees opinion about benefits provided at HPF.
To identify the types of benefits provided to the employees.
To identify the satisfaction level of the employees towards benefit at HPF.
To make appropriate suggestion for the improvement of the company.
To identify the needs of benefits for the employees.
1.3 SCOPE:
The study has been carried out at Hindustan Photo Films Manufacturing Co. Ltd, currently
producing Indu roll films, Indu X-ray films, Indu bromide paper, CAT film, laser recording film.
It provides opinion of the employees regarding
Health;
Safety, provisions;
Education & information
CHAPTER 2: COMPANY PROFILE
2.1 COMPANY PROFILE:
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Hindustan Photo Film Manufacturing Co. Ltd., (HPF) one of the major industrial units of the
district, is a public sector enterprise, under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of
Heavy Industry. HPF is the only integrated manufacturer of Photo sensitized goods in the whole
of South East Asia. This unit is located (about 5 Km away from Ooty railway station) over a
sprawling area of over 300 acres, near the Ooty golf-links on the Ooty- Mysore road. The Plant
is located at Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, primarily from the point of view of energy conservation
and ecology, i.e., availability of pure water and air, which are essential requisites for a
photosensitized products manufacturing facility.
HPF, the indigenous photographic industry was born in 1960 and commenced operations in
January 1967 when it was inaugurated by Mrs. Indra Gandhi, Prime Minister; with a vision to
make India self reliant in the field of photo sensitized goods. In so doing, it went ahead
successfully with several milestones despite odds and constraints.
Thanks to HPF, India today has a self-sufficient industry from raw materials to the finished
products for a wide range of photo-sensitive goods; a record which many countries cannot claim.
HPF manufactures and markets its fleet of products under the brand name INDU, which in
Sanskrit means Silver.
This industrial unit is currently producing Indu roll films which are used for taking photographs;
Indu X-ray films, the quality of which is acknowledged to be among the best in the world; Indu
bromide paper on which photographs are printed; and Indu aerographic for geological and
defense mapping, industrial X - ray film, laser recording film, CAT film, special film for space
photography, oscilloscope direct print paper, photo type setting paper and range of chemicals for
film processing. The above products are manufactured with indigenous technology & integrated
manufacturing process.
HPF is an ISO 9002 Company and its products are comparable to the best in the industry. The
products of HPF include films for Medical Imaging, Industrial Radiography, Printing,
Cinematography (Black & White), Photography (Black & White films and printing paper) and
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Processing Chemicals. The Company has the capacity to meet the entire domestic demand of its
manufactured products for years to come.
Yet, HPF is not complacent, for, its goal is towards infinite excellence. With all its potentials inthe areas of science and technology, the company recognizes its employees as its major asset to
meet its growing objectives. The company strives to provide a congenial atmosphere and a
favorable environment to all its employees to facilitate career growth, personnel needs, job
satisfaction, team-development and above all commitment to the organization.
2.2 LANDMARKS:
Company diversified into color products conversion by setting up a conversion plant at
Ambattur in 1975-76.
Manufacturing of Processing Chemicals commenced from 1976-77 with technical know-
how from Du Pont, USA, at Ambattur.
In 1986 entered into collaboration for setting up state-of-the-art Polyester based Plant for
manufacture of Medical X-Ray, Industrial X-Ray and Graphic Arts Films in collaboration
with M/s Du Pont of USA. The estimated cost of completion of the Project is Rs.680
Crores. Commenced commercial production from April 1997 with installed capacity of
17.79 million square meters per annum. Diversified into manufacturing of Magnetic Tape Products in collaboration with M/s.
Magna of Germany during 1989-90.
Established well-equipped in-house R&D Centre with an investment of Rs.2 Crores in
1991.
The Company acquired ISO 9002 accreditation in December 1994.
The Company has achieved its highest turnover of Rs.238 Crores during 1991-92 and
was poised for higher growth.
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ORGANIZATION PROFILE
2.2.1 HINDUSTAN PHOTOFILMS.CO.LTD
General Manager(Prodn. & Engg)
General Manager (Design& Development)
General Manager(Quality Assurance)
Senior Manager(Vigilance)
Senior PersonnelManager
General Manager(Marketing)
General Manager (NewProducts)
General Manager(Finance)
Chief PurchaseOfficer
Secretary
Board of Directors(Officials and non-officials)
Chairman cumManaging Director
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2.2.2 MARKETING DETAILS OF THE COMPANY
HPF has spread its marketing tentacles throughout the Nation. The regional offices and their
associated sales depots cater to the needs of the entire nation's needs of Medical X-ray, IndustrialX-ray and Graphic Arts films. Apart from the Films the branches and sales depots also provide
processing chemicals for the equipment used by the Radiographic laboratories .
Address Contact PersonPhone - Office FAX / E-mail
FAX / E-Mail
MARKETING HEAD QUARTERS
HPF, IndunagarOotacamund - 643 005.
A.B. Kumar,Senior Manager
M.N. Chakravarthy,Deputy Manager
T.K. Ambal,
Deputy Manager
Ph: 9486937828Fax No:0423-2442467
E-mail ID: [email protected]
Web Site : www.hpf-india.com
Direct Ph: 2442467SOUTHERN REGION
60, Ambattur Industrial EstateAmbattur
Chennai - 600 058.
C. ManoharanBranch Manager
Mob : 09443041387044-26241955
Chennai Branch
No:7, (Old No:12)Suriya Street
Bharani ColonySaligramam,
Chennai 600 093
RM / Chennai Ph:0413-2242927Ph: 044-26251328 / 044-26357509
04426241955044-26251338
E-mail ID:[email protected]
Sri. Laxmi,D.No:39/4197,39/4198
Shanthi Lane,Ravipuram Road
COCHIN - 682 016.
Elsy BenedictBM
Mob : 09495273326Ph:0484 -2357040
Fax No:0484 - 2357040e-mail ID: [email protected]
668 / 12, Burugal Mutt RoadVishveswarapuram
BANGALORE - 560 004.
GaneshanRM / Bangalore
Ph: 080-26610213Fax No:080 26676250
e-mail ID:[email protected] : 0986779246
3-6-168/6/A, HydergudaHYDERABAD - 560 029.
Mr. Srinivasa VadithaBM
Fax :: 040 - 23229712Ph : 040 23220433
Mob : 09618667455e-mail ID: [email protected]
D.No:65, Alagesan Rd.
No:2, SRP NagarCOIMBATORE - 641 011.
M. Bojan
BM
Mob : 09442222736
Ph: 0422 - 2430269Fax : 0422 2430269
e-mail ID:[email protected]
HPF Show Room
Reliance Bldg.Charing Cross
OOTY - 643 001
BalamohanDBM
Mob: 9443076162Ph: 0423 2444105
NORTHERN REGION
Mittal Buildings Mr.Sivan Ph : 011- 23272294
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12/4, Asaf Ali Road3rd Floor
Opp LNPJN HospitalNEW DELHI - 110 002.
Manager (Contracts)Mr.S.M. Pandian
Regional Manager
011 - 23277793Fax : 011 - 23271959
E-Mail :hpf [email protected]
SCO 3013-14, I - FloorSector - 22 - D,
CHANDIGARH - 160 022.
Mr.DhingraDBM
Ph : 0172-2706853Fax : 0172-2706853
Western Region
Laxmi Commercial CentreUnit No:407, Kubharwada
Senapati Bapat MargDADAR (WEST)
MUMBAI - 400 028.
Mr.M. RameshRegional Manager
Mob : [email protected]
Ph : 022-24324575Fax No:022 - 24324584
No:18, Vaishali NagarKotra Sultanbad
BHOPAL - 462 003.
Mr. HamzaBranch in-charge
Ph: 0755 2768206Mob : 09893247567FAX : 0755 2670470
Eastern RegionAnar Chambers
5, Chowranghee ApproachKOLKATA - 700 072.
Mr. GuhaRegional Manager
Mob : 9433145970033 -2212 6048 / 7347
Fax No:033 -22128683e-mail ID:[email protected]
Ashok RajpathChauhatta
PATNA - 800 004.
Mr. A.K. DasBM
Ph: 0612-2924233FAX : 0612 -2309303Mob : 09430829813
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