Download - HRW/ACLU: "With Liberty to Monitor All"
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOT LJJ@ow Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca gs @lrbgeh Ioureljgsb, Jlw lef Lbargcle Fabocrlcy
@ Q B L E
T G H @ V S
X L V C @
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Xgt` Jgdarty to Boegtor Ljj@ow Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca gs @lrbgeh Ioureljgsb,
Jlw, lef Lbargcle Fabocrlcy
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Copyrgh`t 4;
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IQJW 4;
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Gbplct oe Eaws Covarlha ............................................................................................... 6;
Gbplct oe t`a [rasss Ldgjgty to Sarva ls l C`acm oe Hovarebaet Ldusa ........................... 63
GGG. V`a Gbplct on Survagjjleca oe Jlwyars lef V`agr Cjgaets .......................................... 67
Qecartlgety lef Coenusgoe lboeh Jlwyars ovar @ow to Taspoef to Jlrha-Sclja
QS Survagjjleca ...................................................................................................................... 1;
V`a Gbpjgcltgoes on Survagjjleca nor t`a [ronassgoelj Taspoesgdgjgtgas on Jlwyars .................... 16
Flblha to Lttoreay-Cjgaet Vrust .............................................................................................. 17
Gbplct oe Lttoreays Ldgjgty to Annactgvajy Taprasaet Cjgaets ................................................... >;
C`lehgeh Jahlj [rlctgcas ........................................................................................................ >>
V`a Jlwnujeass on Curraet Survagjjleca [rohrlbs ................................................................... >>
X`at`ar t`a [rohrlbs Lra Eacasslry nor Eltgoelj Sacurgty lef Sunngcgaetjy Vlrhataf ............. >7
X`at`ar t`a [rohrlbs @lva l C`gjjgeh Annact oe t`a Tgh`ts on Ioureljgsts, Jlwyars, or Ot`ars ... 8
^. V`a Tgh`ts lt Stlma .................................................................................................... 88
Tgh`ts Lnnactaf dy Survagjjlecas Gbplct oe Ioureljgsts ........................................................... 88
Getareltgoelj @uble Tgh`ts Jlw lef Stleflrfs oe Nraafob on Axprassgoe, Lssocgltgoe, lef
Lccass to Genorbltgoe ....................................................................................................... 80
QS Coestgtutgoelj Jlw ...................................................................................................... 08
Tgh`ts Gbpjgcltaf dy Survagjjlecas Gbplct oe Lttoreays ........................................................ 7;
Getareltgoelj @uble Tgh`ts Jlw lef Stleflrfs ................................................................ 7
Fgscjosa Lffgtgoelj Genorbltgoe ldout Survagjjleca [rohrlbs to t`a [udjgc ............................ 70
Tafuca Hovarebaet Sacracy lef Tastrgctgoes oe Onngcglj Coetlct wgt` t`a Bafgl .............
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< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4; ioureljgsts lef 64 jlwyars, ldout t`agr
coecares lef t`a wlys ge w`gc` t`agr da`lvgor `ls c`lehaf ge jgh`t on ravajltgoes on jlrha-
sclja survagjjleca. Xa ljso spoma to curraet lef norbar saegor hovarebaet onngcgljs w`o
`lva meowjafha on t`a survagjjleca prohrlbs to uefarstlef t`agr parspactgva, saam
lffgtgoelj genorbltgoe, lef tlma t`agr coecares geto lccouet ge our leljysgs.
X`at`ar raportgeh vljuldja genorbltgoe to t`a pudjgc, raprasaetgeh leot`ars jahlj
getarasts, or vojuetlrgjy lssocgltgeh wgt` ot`ars ge orfar to lfvoclta nor c`lehas ge pojgcy,
gt gs ontae crucglj to maap cartlge genorbltgoe prgvlta nrob t`a hovarebaet. Ge t`a nlca on l
blssgvajy powarnuj survagjjleca lpplrltus blgetlgeaf dy t`a QS hovarebaet, `owavar,
t`lt prgvlcy gs dacobgeh gecralsgehjy sclrca lef fgnngcujt to aesura. Ls l rasujt, ioureljgsts
lef t`agr sourcas, ls wajj ls jlwyars lef t`agr cjgaets, lra c`lehgeh t`agr da`lvgor ge wlys
t`lt uefarbgea dlsgc rgh`ts lef corrofa fabocrltgc procassas.
Tavajltgoes on Jlrha-Sclja SurvagjjlecaV`a Qegtaf Stltas hovarebaet tofly gs gbpjabaetgeh l wgfa vlrgaty on survagjjleca
prohrlbs t`lt, t`lems to favajopbaets ge gts tac`eojohgclj clplcgty, ljjow gt to scoop up
parsoelj genorbltgoe lef t`a coetaet on parsoelj cobbuegcltgoes oe le uepracafaetaf
sclja. Bafgl raports dlsaf oe ravajltgoes dy norbar Eltgoelj Sacurgty Lhaecy (ESL)
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 4
coetrlctor Afwlrf Seowfae `lva racaetjy s`af jgh`t oe bley on t`asa prohrlbs. V`ay
`lva ravaljaf, nor axlbpja, t`lt t`a QS cojjacts vlst quletgtgas on genorbltgoemeowe
ls batlfltlldout p`oea cljjs blfa to, nrob, lef wgt`ge t`a QS. Gt ljso routgeajy
cojjacts t`a coetaet on getareltgoelj c`lts, ablgjs, lef vogca cljjs. Gt `ls aehlhaf ge t`a
jlrha-sclja cojjactgoe on blssgva lbouets on cajj p`oea jocltgoe fltl. Taports `lva ljsoravaljaf l sgeca-fgscoetgeuaf annort to trlcm getareat uslha lef ablgj plttares ge t`a QS=
t`a cobpra`aesgva getarcaptgoe on ljj on p`oea cljjs blfa wgt`ge, geto, lef out on
Lnh`legstle lef t`a Dl`lbls= t`a flgjy cojjactgoe on bgjjgoes on gblhas so t`a ESL cle
rue nlcglj racohegtgoe prohrlbs= t`a lcqugsgtgoe on `uefrafs on bgjjgoes on ablgj lef
c`lt coetlct jgsts lrouef t`a worjf= lef t`a ESLs fajgdarlta walmaegeh on hjodlj
aecryptgoe stleflrfs.
Ge raspoesa to pudjgc coecare ovar t`a prohrlbs getrusgoe oe t`a prgvlcy on bgjjgoes on
paopja ge t`a QS lef lrouef t`a worjf, t`a QS hovarebaet `ls lt tgbas lcmeowjafhaf
t`a eaaf nor ranorb. @owavar, gt `ls tlmae naw balegehnuj staps ge t`lt fgractgoe.
Oe t`a coetrlry, t`a QSplrtgcujlrjy t`a getajjghaeca cobbuegty`ls norcanujjy
fanaefaf t`a survagjjleca prohrlbs ls assaetglj to protactgeh QS eltgoelj sacurgty. Ge l
worjf on coestletjy s`gntgeh hjodlj t`ralts, onngcgljs lrhua t`lt t`a QS sgbpjy cleeot
meow ge lfvleca w`gc` hjodlj cobbuegcltgoes bly da rajavlet to gts getajjghaeca
lctgvgtgas, lef t`lt ls l rasujt, gt eaafs t`a lut`orgty to cojjact lef boegtor l drolf
swlt` on cobbuegcltgoes. Ge our getarvgaws wgt` t`ab, QS onngcgljs lrhuaf t`lt t`a
prohrlbs lra annactgva, pjuhhgeh oparltgoelj hlps t`lt usaf to axgst, lef provgfgeh t`a
QS wgt` vljuldja getajjghaeca. V`ay ljso gesgstaf t`a prohrlbs lra jlwnuj lef sudiact to
rghorous lef bujtg-jlyaraf ovarsgh`t, ls wajj ls rujas ldout `ow t`a genorbltgoe
odtlgeaf t`rouh` t`ab gs usaf. V`a hovarebaet `ls abp`lsgzaf t`lt gt foas eot usa t`a
genorbltgoe hjaleaf nrob t`asa prohrlbs nor gjjahgtgblta purposas, suc` ls parsacutgeh
pojgtgclj oppoeaets.
V`a quastgoes rlgsaf dy survagjjleca lra cobpjax. V`a hovarebaet `ls le odjghltgoe to
protact eltgoelj sacurgty, lef ge soba clsas, gt gs jahgtgblta nor hovarebaet to rastrgct
cartlge rgh`ts to t`lt aef. Lt t`a slba tgba, getareltgoelj `uble rgh`ts lef coestgtutgoelj
jlw sat jgbgts oe t`a stltas lut`orgty to aehlha ge lctgvgtgas jgma survagjjleca, w`gc` `lva
t`a potaetglj to uefarbgea so bley ot`ar rgh`ts.
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3 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 6
spalmgeh wgt` bujtgpja sourcas to coengrb lef pgaca tohat`ar t`a fatlgjs on l story t`lt
bly da on trabaefous pudjgc getarast.
Ge ture, ioureljgsts gecralsgehjy naaj t`a eaaf to lfopt ajldorlta staps to protact sourcas
lef genorbltgoe, lef ajgbgelta ley fghgtlj trlgj on t`agr gevastghltgoesnrob usgeh `gh`-aefaecryptgoe, to rasortgeh to durear p`oeas, to ldlefoegeh ljj oejgea cobbuegcltgoe lef
trygeh axcjusgvajy to baat sourcas ge parsoe.
Ioureljgsts axprassaf coecare t`lt, rlt`ar t`le dageh traltaf ls assaetglj c`acms oe
hovarebaet lef plrtears ge aesurgeh l `aljt`y fabocrltgc fadlta, t`ay eow naaj t`ay bly
da vgawaf ls suspact nor fogeh t`agr iods. Oea probgeaet ioureljgst subbaf up w`lt
bley saabaf to da naajgeh ls nojjows9 G foet wlet t`a hovarebaet to norca ba to lct jgma
l spy. Gb eot l spy= Gb l ioureljgst.
V`gs sgtultgoe `ls l fgract annact oe t`a pudjgcs ldgjgty to odtlge gbportlet genorbltgoe
ldout hovarebaet lctgvgtgas, lef oe t`a ldgjgty on t`a bafgl to sarva ls l c`acm oe
hovarebaet. Bley ioureljgsts slgf gt gs tlmgeh t`ab sghegngcletjy joehar to hlt`ar
genorbltgoe (w`ae t`ay cle hat gt lt ljj), lef t`ay lra ujtgbltajy ldja to pudjgs` nawar
storgas nor pudjgc coesubptgoe. Ls suhhastaf ldova, t`asa annacts stlef out bost
stlrmjy ge t`a clsa on raportgeh oe t`a getajjghaeca cobbuegty, eltgoelj sacurgty, lef jlw
aenorcabaetljj lrals on jahgtgbltagefaaf, axtrabajy gbportletpudjgc coecare.
Gbplct on Survagjjleca oe Jlwyars
Jlwyars nlca l fgnnaraet c`ljjaeha. V`ay `lva l pronassgoelj raspoesgdgjgty to blgetlge
t`a coengfaetgljgty on genorbltgoe rajltaf to t`agr cjgaets oe plge on lfbgegstrltgva
fgscgpjgea. V`ay ljso rajy oe t`a ldgjgty to axc`leha genorbltgoe nraajy wgt` t`agr cjgaets ge
orfar to dugjf trust lef favajop jahlj strltahy, w`gc` gs aspacgljjy gbportlet ge t`a raljb
on crgbgelj fanaesa. Gecralsaf hovarebaet survagjjleca uefarcuts t`asa joehstlefgeh
lef caetrlj ajabaets on t`a prlctgca on jlw, craltgeh uecartlgety ls to w`at`ar jlwyars
cle avar provgfa trua coengfaetgljgty w`gja cobbuegcltgeh ajactroegcljjy wgt` cjgaets.
Jlwyars wa getarvgawaf nor t`gs raport axprassaf t`a hraltast coecare ldout sgtultgoes
w`ara t`ay `lva ralsoe to t`gem t`a QS hovarebaet bgh`t tlma le getajjghaeca getarast
ge l clsa, w`at`ar gt rajltas to t`a lctgvgtgas on noraghe hovarebaets or l fruh or
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1 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >
straeht`ae t`a protactgoes provgfaf dy tlrhatgeh lef bgegbgzltgoe procafuras=
fgscjosa lffgtgoelj genorbltgoe ldout survagjjleca prohrlbs to t`a pudjgc=
rafuca hovarebaet sacracy lef rastrgctgoes oe onngcglj coetlct wgt` t`a bafgl= lef
ae`leca protactgoes nor eltgoelj-sacurgty w`gstjadjowars.
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8 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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7 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
@owavar, t`asa rastrgctgoes probptaf Coehrass to drolfae NGSL, gecjufgeh dy ljjowgeh
prohrlbbltgc survagjjleca wgt`out court ovarsgh`t ovar spacgngc tlrhats.8Nurt`ar eawsraports surnlcaf, suhhastgeh t`a ESLs survagjjleca lctgvgtgas coetgeuaf to drolfae ge
scopa, potaetgljjy to l prodjabltgc fahraa.0Eavart`ajass, t`a pudjgc fadlta fgaf fowe
sghegngcletjy.
V`a curraet c`lptar ge t`a ESL slhl dahle oe Iuea 1, 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
Getajjghaeca Cobbgttaa C`lgrble Fgleea Nagestage `ls ljso eotaf t`lt t`a getajjghaeca
cobbuegty `ls nlgjaf nujjy to genorb t`a cobbgttaa ldout gts survagjjleca lctgvgtgas.38
V`a Curraet Survagjjleca Fadlta
V`a Seowfae ravajltgoes `lva probptaf fobastgc lef getareltgoelj fadltas ldout
w`at`ar lef `ow to ranorb QS survagjjleca prlctgcas. Lboeh QS pojgcyblmars, bost on
t`lt fadlta `ls nocusaf oe t`a gbplct on survagjjleca oe prgvlcy rgh`ts on QS parsoes. V`a
QS hovarebaets parspactgva gs t`lt gts survagjjleca lctgvgtgas lra jlwnuj lef eacasslry to
protact QS eltgoelj sacurgty.
Avae so, ge raspoesa to pudjgc prassura, dot` [rasgfaet Dlrlcm Odlbl lef t`a QS
Coehrass `lva axprassaf soba wgjjgeheass to coesgfar ranorbs. Ge Luhust on 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 4;
V`a prohrlb raqugras trlgegeh on nafarlj abpjoyaas to dawlra on gesgfar t`ralts
cojjalhuas w`o bly da gecjgeaf to jalm cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe.10Nlgjura to raport
suspgcgous lctgvgty dy cojjalhuas cle rasujt ge `anty paeljtgas, gecjufgeh joss on sacurgty
cjalrleca lef crgbgelj c`lrhas.17Oea hugfa oe gesgfar t`ralts, praplraf dy t`a Fanaesa
Sacurgty Sarvgcale lhaecy on t`a Faplrtbaet on Fanaesa t`lt provgfas sacurgty support tovlrgous fanaesa lef nafarlj lhaecgasjgsts l hovarebaet wormars axpjogtldja da`lvgor
trlgts lef lttabptgeh to worm ge prgvlta ls potaetglj aspgoelha gefgcltors.>;
X`gja t`a poget on t`a prohrlb gs ostaesgdjy to jgbgt jalms on cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe,>4Lhaecgas t`us `lva njaxgdgjgty to crlcm fowe wgfajy, wgt` potaetglj
gbpjgcltgoes nor t`a ldgjgty on abpjoyaas slnajy to fgscuss avae uecjlssgngaf blttars wgt`
t`a prass. Gefaaf, BcCjltc`yraportaf t`lt savarlj lhaecgas `lva ljralfy lppjgaf t`a
pojgcy to iustgny protactgeh suc` genorbltgoe.>3
Ge raportgeh oe saesgtgva lrals, ioureljgsts ontae worm wgt` genorbltgoe t`lt gs eot gtsajn
cjlssgngaf. Smgjjaf ioureljgsts ontae lssabdja nrlhbaets on l story dgt dy dgt wgt`out avar
raqugrgeh l sourca to provgfa protactaf genorbltgoe. Ls l rasujt, gecralsaf rastrgctgoes oe
t`a fgscussgoe on avae uecjlssgngaf genorbltgoe blma gt `lrfar nor ioureljgsts to hlt`ar t`a
pgacas on genorbltgoe t`lt cobposa t`a w`oja pgctura.
10Vlyjor lef Jlefly, Odlbls crlcmfowe vgaws jalms ls lgfgeh aeabgas on Q.S., BcCjltc`y,
`ttp9//www.bccjltc`yfc.cob/4;/4;/
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4< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;8
>6@lfls Hojf lef Ios` Harstage, Cjlppar sghes strgct eaw bafgl fgractgva, [ojgtgco, Lprgj 4
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 44
GG. V`a Gbplct on Survagjjleca oe Ioureljgsts
Avary eltgoelj sacurgty raportar G meow woujf sly t`lt t`a ltbosp`ara ge
w`gc` pronassgoelj raportars saam gesgh`t geto pojgcy nlgjuras ]lefR dlf
bgjgtlry facgsgoes gs iust buc` touh`ar lef buc` c`gjjgar.
Stava Cojj, stlnn wrgtar nor V`a Eaw Wormarlef Fale on t`a Hrlfulta
Sc`ooj on Ioureljgsb lt Cojubdgl Qegvarsgty, Nadrulry 7Lccorfgeh to Mlt`jaae Clrrojj, saegor vgca prasgfaet lef axacutgva afgtor on
V`a Lssocgltaf [rass, Xa sly t`gs avary tgba t`aras l eaw occuplet ge t`a X`gta @ousa,
lef gts trua avary tgba9 alc` gs bora sacratgva t`le t`a jlst.8;Ioureljgsts lra struhhjgeh
`lrfar t`le avar danora to protact t`agr sourcas, lef sourcas lra bora rajuctlet to spalm.
V`gs aevgroebaet blmas raportgeh dot` sjowar lef jass nrugtnuj.
Ioureljgsts getarvgawaf nor t`gs raport fascrgdaf t`a fgnngcujty on odtlgegeh sourcas lef
covargeh saesgtgva topgcs ge le ltbosp`ara on uecartlgety ldout t`a rleha lef annact on t`a
hovarebaets powar ovar t`ab. Dot` survagjjleca lef jalm gevastghltgoes joobaf jlrha ge
t`gs coetaxtaspacgljjy to t`a axtaet t`lt t`ara bly da l rajltgoes`gp datwaae t`a two.
Bora spacgngcljjy, bley ioureljgsts saa t`a hovarebaets powar ls baelcgeh daclusa t`ay
meow jgttja ldout w`ae vlrgous hovarebaet lhaecgas s`lra lboeh t`absajvas genorbltgoe
cojjactaf t`rouh` survagjjleca, lef w`ae t`ay fapjoy t`lt genorbltgoe ge jalm
gevastghltgoes.80@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Ioelt`le Jlefly, eltgoelj sacurgty lef getajjghaeca corraspoefaet nor BcCjltc`y
Eawsplpars, Xls`gehtoe FC, Facabdar
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43 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;L eltgoelj sacurgty raportar subblrgzaf t`a
sgtultgoe ls nojjows9 Fo wa trust ]t`a getajjghaecaR portgoe on t`a hovarebaets meowjafha
to da wljjaf onn nrob jalm gevastghltgoes? V`lts eot l hoof pjlca to da.88
X`gja bost ioureljgsts slgf t`lt t`agr fgnngcujtgas dahle l naw yalrs lho, plrtgcujlrjy wgt`
t`a gecralsa ge jalm prosacutgoes, our getarvgaws coengrbaf t`lt nor bley ioureljgsts jlrha-
sclja survagjjleca dy t`a QS hovarebaet coetrgdutas sudstletgljjy to t`a eaw c`ljjaehas
t`ay aecouetar. V`a hovarebaets jlrha-sclja cojjactgoe on batlfltl lef cobbuegcltgoes
blmas gt sghegngcletjy bora fgnngcujt nor t`ab to protact t`absajvas lef t`agr sourcas, to
coengrb fatlgjs nor t`agr storgas, lef ujtgbltajy to genorb t`a pudjgc.
Ge t`a
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 46
fglheosas, lef t`a axgstaeca on prgvlta rajltgoes`gps. Balew`gja, ls bora trleslctgoes
`lva dacoba fghgtljgzaf, t`a hovarebaet `ls lcqugraf l buc` hraltar tac`egclj clplcgty
to hlt`ar, stora, leljyza, lef sgnt t`rouh` ajactroegc fltl.
Avae wgt` rlpgfjy avojvgeh tac`egquas nor coefuctgeh rasalrc` lef coetlctgeh sourcas,ioureljgsts axprassaf coecare t`lt wgfaspralf hovarebaet survagjjleca coestrlges t`agr
ldgjgty to gevastghlta lef raport oe blttars on pudjgc coecare, lef ujtgbltajy uefarbgeas
fabocrltgc procassas dy `gefargeh opae, genorbaf fadlta.
Josgeh Sourcas
Oea on t`a bost cobboe coecares ioureljgsts axprassaf to us wls t`lt t`agr sourcas wara
frygeh up.80Lccorfgeh to Ilbas Ls`ar, ]DanoraR youf stlrt pujjgeh t`a curtlge dlcm lef
bora paopja woujf coba norwlrf. Bley nawar paopja lra cobgeh norwlrf eow.87
Ioureljgsts axprassaf fgvarsa vgaws ls to w`ae lef w`y raportgeh coefgtgoes dahle to
fatargorlta. Soba pogetaf to t`a lttlcms on Saptabdar
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41 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Scott @ortoe, w`o wrgtas oe eltgoelj sacurgty nor
@lrpars Blhlzgea, saas t`a rgsms to sourcas ls l vary ralj lef tlehgdja t`ralt to t`agr
wgjjgeheass to spalm to raportars lef to aesura annactgva raportgeh9
Tavalj fatlgjs ldout hovarebaet lctgvgty lef you bly josa ljbost
avaryt`geh9 your cjalrleca, your posgtgoe, lef your paesgoe. Wou bly `lva
to `gra le lttoreay, lef you bly `lva your raputltgoe fastroyaf ge t`a
prass dy t`agr owe couetar-jalms, blmgeh gt gbpossgdja to hat l eaw iod.08
Wat w`gja joss on oeas sacurgty cjalrleca, iod, or paesgoe cle da sargous aeouh`, t`a rgsm
on prosacutgoe nor jalmgeh `ls eavar daae `gh`ar.00Gt gs eot jost oe us, or oe our sourcas,
t`lt t`ara `lva daae agh`t crgbgelj clsas lhlgest sourcas ]uefar t`a curraet
lfbgegstrltgoeR varsus t`raa danora ]uefar ljj pravgous lfbgegstrltgoes cobdgeafR,
odsarvaf C`lrjga Slvlha, l [ujgtzar [rgza-wgeegeh raportar nor t`a Eaw Worm Vgbas.07V`lt
Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` le gevastghltgva ioureljgst bost racaetjy covargeh (lboeh ot`ar t`gehs) stlta-javaj pojgtgcs,
Xls`gehtoe FC, Ileulry
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 4>
spgma saefs l basslha, avae w`ae prosacutgoes fo eot aef ge coevgctgoes. G uefarstlef
w`y t`ay fo gt, eotaf leot`ar [ujgtzar [rgza-wgeegeh raportar.7;Avae t`a clsas t`lt djow
up ge ]t`a hovarebaetsR nlca `lva t`a getaefaf annact.7
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48 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Dlrt Hajjble, saegor najjow lt V`a Caetury Nouefltgoe, left`a wgeear on bujtgpja [ujgtzar [rgzas, lrhuaf t`lt onngcglj, slectgoeaf jalms ravalj buc`
bora cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe t`le ueonngcglj oeas.78
Wat, dayoef t`a jalm gevastghltgoes lef lfbgegstrltgva
annorts to pravaet jalms, bley ioureljgsts slgf t`lt t`a
hovarebaets gecralsaf clplcgty to aehlha ge survagjjleca
lef t`a meowjafha t`lt gt gs fogeh so oe le uepracafaetaf
sclja`ls blfa t`agr coecares ldout `ow to protact
sourcas buc` bora lcuta lef ralj.
Ge nlct, soba dajgavaf t`lt survagjjleca bly da l fgract
clusa on t`a spgma ge jalm gevastghltgoes. Gt usaf to da t`lt
jalm gevastghltgoes fgfet hat nlr daclusa gt wls too `lrf to
uecovar t`a sourca, dut wgt` fghgtlj toojs gt's iust buc` alsgar, lef sourcas meow t`lt.
odsarvaf Dlrt Hajjble.70[atar Bllss, l saegor wrgtar lt V`a Getarcapt, coecurraf9 Jalm
gevastghltgoes lra l jot alsgar daclusa you jalva l fltl trlgj cljjgeh, swgpgeh ge lef out on
dugjfgehs, ]lefR wljmgeh fowe l straat wgt` clbarls. Gts l jot alsgar nor paopja to meow
w`ara youra hogeh lef `ow joeh youra t`ara.77C`lrjga Slvlha rlgsaf l sgbgjlr poget9
]ARjactroegc trlgjs blm]aR gt alsgar to nghura out w`os tljmgeh to raportars. V`lt `ls blfa gt
raljgstgc ]to gevastghlta jalmsR ge l wly t`lt gt wlset danora.@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Drgle Toss, C`gan Gevastghltgva Corraspoefaet nor LDC Eaws, Eaw Worm, Eaw Worm,
Nadrulry
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 40
Sacurgty Afgtor lt t`a Xls`gehtoe [ost, axprassaf coecare t`lt t`a hovarebaets ldgjgty
to ngef t`a sourca wgjj oejy hat dattar.
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47 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 3;
lccorfgeh to [atar Ngee, dot` plrtgas wlet to bova nlstar towlrf l bora fgract
rajltgoes`gp t`lt raqugras jass ajactroegc coetlct.
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3< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 34
Ioureljgsts ljso raportaf usgeh spacglj favgcas or sontwlra to aecrypt lef stora fltl
sacurajy.
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33 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 36
jlcm t`a tac`egclj slvvy to lpprolc` ioureljgsts slnajy,
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31 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 3>
fobastgc cljjs. G foudt t`a ESL cle hat coetaet on fobastgc cljjs wgt`out le lctgva
gevastghltgoe, eotaf oea eltgoelj sacurgty raportar, w`o slgf `a `ls `alrf ls buc` nrob
hoof sourcas.
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38 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 30
Ioureljgsts ljso `lva blfa annorts to dattar protact t`agr genorbltgoe. Fua to t`a
trlcaldgjgty on H[S genorbltgoe nrob cajj p`oeas, lef t`a possgdgjgty on turegeh cajj
p`oeas geto jgstaegeh favgcas (avae gn t`ay lra onn),
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37 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 6;
L eltgoelj sacurgty raportar put gt t`gs wly9 Gts fgnngcujt, gn youra usgeh ley ajactroegc
cobbuegcltgoes, to fo sobat`geh t`lt FOI wgt` l sudpoael or t`a ESL coujfet nghura out.
Dut you wlet to blma t`a gegtglj jalm gevastghltgoe bora fgnngcujt to pracjufa l bora
swaapgeh gequgry.4;;Nor axlbpja, durear p`oeas woet t`wlrt t`a ESL, `a lrhuaf. 4;[lrt on t`a fajly rasujts nrob usgeh bora
lfvlecaf prgvlcy lef sacurgty tac`eojohgas, w`gc` bly gevojva trlfa-onns wgt`
coevaegaeca, lef aesurgeh t`lt sourcas fo t`a slba. [lrt on t`a fajly ljso cobas nrob
t`a scljaf dlcm usa on ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoes or fghgtlj tac`eojohy. Blgj gs sjow,
4;;@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` l eltgoelj sacurgty raportar, Xls`gehtoe, FC, Ileulry
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6< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 64
Wat t`a annact gs stgjj drolfar. Ls l [ujgtzar [rgza-wgeegeh raportar put gt, [aopja lra
gecralsgehjy sclraf to tljm ldout leyt`geh.4
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63 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 66
Qjtgbltajy, t`a hovarebaets owe gevastghltgoes geto t`a getajjghaeca cobbuegty ge t`a
bgf-
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61 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Gts eot iust t`lt
gts `lrfar nor ba to fo by iod, t`ouh` gt gs. Gt ljso blmas t`a
couetry jass slna. Gestgtutgoes worm jass wajj, lef gt gecralsas
t`a rgsm on corruptgoe. Sacracy worms lhlgest ljj on us.438C`lrjga Slvlha lffaf, Eltgoelj sacurgty ioureljgsb gs
aspacgljjy gbportlet nor l nuectgoegeh, fabocrltgcljjy
lccouetldja systab.430Stava Cojj lhraaf ls wajj, eotgeh,
V`aras l ralj joss to t`a pudjgc, t`a votars.437
Nor Ilbas Ls`ar, V`a roja on t`a prass gs to da c`ljjaehgeh
lef crgtgclj.46;Gt gs t`us ge`araetjy gbportlet nor ioureljgsts
to saam out cartlge genorbltgoe t`lt t`a hovarebaet tralts ls
saesgtgva lef, w`ae lpproprglta, s`lra gt wgt` t`a pudjgc.
Mlt`jaae Clrrojj ljso abp`lsgzaf t`a raspoesgdgjgty typgcljjy faboestrltaf dy ioureljgsts
w`o worm oe eltgoelj sacurgty topgcs. V`gs gs eot l duec` on drltty ioureljgsts trygeh to
uefarbgea jahgtgblta hovarebaet oparltgoes, s`a lrhuaf. Boraovar, t`ouh` s`a dajgavas
t`lt l hovarebaets lctgoes oe da`ljn on t`a paopja gt sarvas s`oujf da pudjgc, ]bRost eaws
orhlegzltgoes ]gecjufgeh `ar outjat, t`a Lssocgltaf [rassR wgjj racohegza t`lt cartlge t`gehs
t`a hovarebaet gs fogeh eaaf to rablge sacrat, lt jalst nor eow. V`a fgsputas tlma pjlca
daclusa t`a hovarebaet gfal on w`lt s`oujf rablge sacrat gs buc` bora swaapgeh.46@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Flel [rgast, eltgoelj sacurgty raportar lt t`a Xls`gehtoe [ost, Xls`gehtoe, FC,
Facabdar
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 6>
L coupja on ioureljgsts ljso axprassaf prgecgpjaf rasgstleca to t`a prospact on uefartlmgeh
so bley avlsgva bleauvars to fo t`agr worm. Scott S`lea lrhuaf t`lt ]lRs le Lbargcle
raportar, G s`oujf eot da uealsy ldout t`a hovarebaet tlrhatgeh ba to nghura out by
sourcas.463Leot`ar raportar, w`o covars jlw aenorcabaet
lef eltgoelj sacurgty, eotaf t`lt t`a eaaf nor lffgtgoeljsacracy `ls norcaf `gb to stlrt to lct jgma l crgbgelj.466
Drgle Toss lrtgcujltaf l sgbgjlr saetgbaet9 V`aras
sobat`geh ldout usgeh ajldorlta avlsgoe lef sacurgty
tac`egquas t`lts onnaesgva to bat`lt G s`oujf `lva to
oparlta ls jgma l crgbgelj, jgma l spy.461Lflb Hojfble,
t`ouh` `a wls jass gecjgeaf to coeeact survagjjleca lef
jalm gevastghltgoes, ljso s`lraf t`lt vgaw9 G foet wlet t`a
hovarebaet to norca ba to lct jgma l spy. Gb eot l spy= Gb l
ioureljgst.46>@a lffaf, X`lt lra wa supposaf to fo? Qsa
bujtgpja durears? Eo ablgj? Falf frops? G foet wlet to fo
by iod t`lt wly. Wou clet da l ioureljgst lef fo your iod
t`lt wly.468
Cartlge stltabaets dy hovarebaet onngcgljs `lva, gefaaf,
suhhastaf t`lt ioureljgsts w`o raport jalmaf genorbltgoe
lra aehlhaf ge crgbgelj da`lvgor. Ge Ileulry on 4;
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68 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 60
Iorfle.41>L eltgoelj sacurgty raportar eotaf t`lt t`a QS hovarebaet eow clusas
`gb bora coecare t`le ot`ar hovarebaets t`lt wa axpact to fo survagjjleca. L
yalr lho, ge our jgea on dusgeass, wa wara bora worrgaf ldout t`a C`geasa
hovarebaet seoopgeh to hat le afha dy cojjactgeh w`lt wa waraet raportgeh. Eow
gts l fgstlet sacoef to our owe hovarebaet.418
41>@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Ioelt`le Jlefly, Facabdar
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67 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 1;
Jgma ioureljgsts, lttoreays lra uecartlge ldout w`at`ar gt gs avae possgdja to protact t`agr
cobbuegcltgoes nrob hovarebaet survagjjleca, lef lra coenusaf ldout w`lt staps t`ay
clelef bly avae da odjghltafto tlma. V`a rasujt gs l jass rodust rajltgoes`gp datwaae
soba lttoreays lef t`agr cjgaets, lef l jahgtgblta coecare ldout t`a gbplct oe fua
procass rgh`ts ge t`a crgbgelj coetaxt.
Qecartlgety lef Coenusgoe lboeh Jlwyars ovar @ow to Taspoef to
Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca
V`a jahlj cobbuegty, par`lps avae bora so t`le t`a bafgl, gs pjlhuaf dy uecartlgety lef
coenusgoe ovar t`a gbpjgcltgoes nor t`agr worm on survagjjleca on t`a scopa ravaljaf furgeh
t`a jlst yalr. [lrt on t`lt uecartlgety fargvas nrob t`a wgfaspralf saesa t`lt wa `lva yat
to jalre t`a nujj axtaet on t`a hovarebaets survagjjleca powars, lef w`lt staps t`a
getajjghaeca cobbuegty gs tlmgeh to lvogf scoopgeh up lttoreay-cjgaet cobbuegcltgoes.4>;
[lrt bly ljso ranjact t`a uesattjaf jahlj jlefsclpa rahlrfgeh w`at`ar lttoreays w`o lra
survagjjaf lva jahlj racoursa.4>4Gefaaf, soba on t`osa procafurasw`gc` lppalr to
jgbgt ESL boegtorgeh on cobbuegcltgoes uefar Sactgoe 8;4, gn t`ay lra datwaae sobaoea
uefar gefgctbaet ge t`a QS lef t`agr jlwyarwara blfa pudjgc ge Iuea 4;3
4>;Ls oea Lbargcle Dlr Lssocgltgoe (LDL) pudjgcltgoe put gt, ]HRgvae t`a sacratgva eltura on t`a ESL, ls wajj ls t`a Qegtaf
Stltas Noraghe Getajjghaeca Survagjjleca Court t`lt ovarsaas gts survagjjleca wlrrlets, jlwyars clet avae da sura on w`lt gs
lef w`lt gs eot jahlj. ^gctor Jg, LDL Iourelj, Voojs nor jlwyars worrgaf t`lt ESL gs alvasfroppgeh oe t`agr coengfaetglj
coevarsltgoes, Blrc` 3;, 4;
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1< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;6Gefaaf, ge Nadrulry 4;1V`ae-ESL Fgractor Haearlj Magt` Ljaxlefar raspoefaf,
assaetgljjy rastltgeh pudjgc genorbltgoe coecaregeh t`a ESLs rujas.4>>Nor axlbpja,
Ljaxlefar eotaf t`lt t`a ESL stops boegtorgeh cobbuegcltgoes w`ae t`ay lra fgscovaraf
to da datwaae sobaoea meowe to da uefar crgbgelj gefgctbaet ge t`a Qegtaf Stltas lef
le lttoreay w`o raprasaets t`lt gefgvgfulj ge t`a blttar uefar gefgctbaet (t`ouh` gt
maaps t`a portgoe on t`a axc`leha gt `ls ljralfy hlt`araf).4>8V`a ESL ljso saams
gefgvgfuljgzaf ravgaw dy t`a Onngca on Haearlj Couesaj danora fgssabgeltgeh to ot`ar
lhaecgas or onngcas genorbltgoe coestgtutgeh Q.S. parsoe prgvgjahaf cobbuegcltgoes ]suc`
ls t`osa t`lt lrgsa datwaae l parsoe lef `gs lttoreayR.4>0
L eubdar on jlwyars gefgcltaf t`lt gt gs fgnngcujt to meow w`lt to blma on t`a curraet
jlefsclpa, lef t`ay lra oejy dahgeegeh to coenroet t`a gbpjgcltgoes on jlrha-sclja
ajactroegc survagjjleca nor t`agr worm. Ge ranjactgeh ldout t`a rgsms posaf dy survagjjleca,
Vob Furmge, l jalfgeh eltgoelj sacurgty fanaesa lttoreay, dahle to axprass worrgas ldout
4>6Egcojls Eglrc`os, @ls t`a ESL Xgratlppgeh ^gojltaf Lttoreay-Cjgaet [rgvgjaha?, V`a Eltgoe, Nadrulry 6, 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 14
`gs batlfltl racorfs nor t`a ngrst tgba furgeh le getarvgaw wgt` us9 G eavar t`ouh`t ldout
w`at`ar G wletaf to jalva l batlfltl trlgj uetgj `a hlva gt soba coesgfarltgoe lt t`lt
bobaet.4>7@a lrhuaf t`lt gt gs too sooe to cobpra`aef t`a nujj rleha on gbpjgcltgoes on
t`a Seowfae ravajltgoes nor t`a prlctgca on jlw.48;Oe t`a ot`ar `lef, leot`ar jgtghltor,
w`o rues l prgvlta prlctgca raprasaetgeh getareltgoelj cjgaets, eotaf `ow sghegngclet t`aravajltgoes `lva daae nor `gb9 G t`gem avaryoea gs stlrtgeh to t`gem ldout t`gs.48
4>7@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` tajap`oea getarvgaw wgt` Vob Furmge, eltgoelj sacurgty fanaesa lttoreay, Blrc` >, 4;
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13 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 16
Crgbgelj Fanaesa Jlwyars (ELCFJ),40X`gja jlwyars `lva joeh daae axpactaf eot to fgscjosa
40
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11 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 1>
Court orfarswgratlppaf fanaesa lttoreays raprasaetgeh gefgvgfuljs lccusaf on tarrorgsb
c`lrhas.476Avae t`ouh` t`a cobbuegcltgoes wara prgvgjahaf, t`a elrrow bgegbgzltgoe
rujas fgf eot lppjy, so t`a hovarebaet wls ldja to jgstae to t`a racorfgehs on t`a cljjs.471
V`a slba boet`, ls eotaf ldova, leot`ar raport dlsaf oe l focubaet provgfaf dy
Afwlrf Seowfae ravaljaf t`lt l QS-dlsaf corporlta jlw ngrb, Blyar Drowe, wlsboegtoraf w`gja raprasaetgeh ]t`a GefoeasgleR hovarebaet ge trlfa fgsputas wgt` t`a
Qegtaf Stltas.47>Bora spacgngcljjy, t`a Lustrljgle Sgheljs Fgractorlta, t`a Lustrljgle
leljoh nor t`a ESL, survagjjaf cobbuegcltgoes datwaae t`a Gefoeasgles lef t`agr
Lbargcle jlwyars, lef t`ae onnaraf to s`lra w`lt gt `lf cojjactaf wgt` t`a ESL.478
[arjble abp`lsgzaf t`lt t`a eaw ruja jlys out l ralsoeldjaeass tast=470lef t`a
cobbaetlry ajldorltgeh oe t`a LDL ruja gfaetgngas savarlj nlctors t`lt jlwyars bust wagh`
ge fgscaregeh t`a balsuras t`ay lra ralsoeldjy axpactaf to uefartlma to protact t`agr
cobbuegcltgoes.477V`osa nlctors gecjufa (dut lra eot jgbgtaf to)9
t`a saesgtgvgty on t`a genorbltgoe, t`a jgmajg`oof on fgscjosura gn lffgtgoelj
slnahulrfs lra eot abpjoyaf, t`a cost on abpjoygeh lffgtgoelj slnahulrfs,
t`a fgnngcujty on gbpjabaetgeh t`a slnahulrfs, lef t`a axtaet to w`gc` t`a
slnahulrfs lfvarsajy lnnact t`a jlwyars ldgjgty to raprasaet cjgaets (a.h., dy
blmgeh l favgca or gbportlet pgaca on sontwlra axcassgvajy fgnngcujt to usa).3;;
Lttoreays `lefjgeh cartlge typas on clsassuc` ls t`osa raprasaetgeh fanaeflets ge
tarrorgsb-rajltaf clsas, noraghe sovaraghes, or blior corporltgoes w`osa dusgeass `ls
sghegngclet gbpjgcltgoes nor QS acoeobgc getarasts`lva jahgtgblta ralsoe nor t`gemgeh t`a
hovarebaet bly da aspacgljjy getarastaf ge t`agr cobbuegcltgoes. V`a rgsm on t`a
cojjactgoe lef ravgaw on coengfaetglj clsa genorbltgoe dy QS hovarebaet lhaets lppalrs
476Eglrc`os, @ls t`a ESL Xgratlppgeh ^gojltaf Lttoreay-Cjgaet [rgvgjaha? V`a Eltgoe,
`ttp9//www.t`aeltgoe.cob/lrtgcja/
Ilbas Tgsae lef Jlurl [ogtrls, Spygeh dy E.S.L. Ljjy Aetlehjaf Q.S. Jlw Ngrb, Eaw Worm Vgbas, Nadrulry
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18 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 10
Hgjjars clutgoeaf jlwyars ldout t`a usa on p`oea, ablgj, lef taxt cobbuegcltgoes, eotgeh
t`lt w`ae gt cobas to ajactroegc fltl, gt foaset blttar w`lt t`a va`gcja gs.3;1Le
axpargaecaf crgbgelj fanaesa lttoreay odsarvaf sgbgjlrjy t`lt, dlsaf oe w`lt wa meaw
ldout QS hovarebaet survagjjleca prohrlbs danora t`a Seowfae jalms, ovarsals trlvaj
(gestalf on getareltgoelj ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoe) wls jgmajy at`gcljjy raqugraf norlttoreays `lefjgeh cartlge typas on clsas.3;>Eow, `a lrhuaf, Jlwyars `lva to lssuba ley
ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoe t`ay `lva gs hogeh to da getarcaptaf.3;8Ljt`ouh` t`a rgsm t`lt
posas wgjj vlry wgt` t`a eltura on t`a cobbuegcltgoes, lef bgh`t da bgtghltaf ge soba
gestlecas dy sacurgty balsuras, jlwyars eaaf to tralt t`a jgmajy cojjactgoe on ajactroegc
cobbuegcltgoes ls l nlct on jgna.3;0
[arjble fgf eot ho qugta ls nlr. Ge l Blrc` 4;
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17 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >;
bgstrust lboeh `gs cjgaets wgt`out jygeh.34;Jlrha-sclja survagjjleca lctuljjy jgcaesas
plrleogl lboeh outsgfars, sghegngcletjy lnnactgeh `ow t`ay getarlct wgt` t`a jahlj systab,
gecjufgeh t`agr owe fanaesa lttoreay. V`ay lra jass jgmajy, nor axlbpja, to s`lra assaetglj
genorbltgoe wgt` t`agr jlwyars.34Xa lra nalrnuj t`lt our
cobbuegcltgoes wgt` wgteassas ldrolf lra boegtoraf, lef t`us t`lt lttabpts to dugjf
34;Gdgf.
34
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>< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >4
raprasaetaf t`lt t`a hovarebaet `lf lccass to bley on `gs coevarsltgoes.333Lef ablgj ge
plrtgcujlr gs prodjabltgc daclusa gt cle so alsgjy da norwlrfaf to t`grf plrtgas.336
Eavart`ajass, l sghegngclet eubdar on t`a jlwyars w`o spoma to us `lva rafucaf t`agr
rajgleca oe ajactroegc bales on cobbuegcltgeh or storgeh fltl spacgngcljjy ge raspoesa tocoecares ldout oehogeh survagjjleca prohrlbs. Savarlj abp`lsgzaf lvogfgeh puttgeh
genorbltgoe geto ablgjs or fgscussgeh blttars ovar t`a p`oea.331Ls Jgefl Boraeo put gt,
Oe t`a p`oea, wa lra coestrlgeaf ge our fgscussgoes wgt`
wgteassas lef avae co-couesaj oe clsas, bgefnuj on
hovarebaet boegtorgeh.33>Oea cjgegclj jlw pronassor w`o
`lefjas eltgoelj sacurgty blttars gesgsts t`lt stufaets
wormgeh oe t`osa clsas oejy parnorb worm nrob gesgfa l
sacura cjgegc onngca, bgegbgzgeh t`a c`leca t`lt t`ay wgjj
slva or trlesbgt coengfaetglj genorbltgoe gesacurajy.338
Lccorfgehjy, jlwyars nlca l c`ogca sgbgjlr to t`a oea
coenroetgeh ioureljgsts. Soba `lva lttabptaf to gecralsa
t`a sacurgty on t`agr ajactroegc toojs= ot`ars `lva trgaf to
norho fghgtlj cobbuegcltgoes or storlha toojs ljtohat`ar=
lef stgjj ot`ars `lva lttabptaf to cobdgea dot`
lpprolc`as. X`ltavar t`a pranarraf strltahy, l eubdar on
lttoreays gefgcltaf t`lt t`ay bust try to fo sobat`geh. Oejy l noojgs` parsoe
uefarstlefs your cobbuegcltgoes cle da getarcaptaf lef foas eot`geh ldout t`lt,
odsarvaf Tod Nagtaj, l norbar nafarlj prosacutor w`o spaet 44 yalrs ge t`a Faplrtbaet on
Iustgca lef w`o eow spacgljgzas ge fanaesa worm lrgsgeh nrob getareltgoelj lef
cobpjgcltaf fruh clsas. Gts eo fgnnaraet nrob jocmgeh your onngca foor.330
333@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` tajap`oea getarvgaw wgt` Vob Furmge, Blrc` >, 4;
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>3 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >6
couesaj w`o jlcm t`a lpproprglta rasourcas or tac`egclj sop`gstgcltgoe.360Bley lttoreays
dajgava t`lt t`a oejy sacura wly to `lefja suc` cobbuegcltgoes gs nlca-to-nlca.
Bley jlwyars ljso raportaf coefuctgeh bora baatgehs ge parsoesobatgbas sghegngcletjy
bora, lef eot iust wgt` cjgaets, dut wgt` co-couesaj lef wgteassas ls wajj.367L jlwyarspacgljgzgeh ge getareltgoelj fgsputa rasojutgoe lt le getareltgoelj ngrb eotaf t`lt
survagjjleca `ls getgbgfltaf soba on `ar noraghe cjgaets, w`o, ls l rasujt, pranar eot to
cobbuegclta rabotajy, lef gestalf wgjj oejy axc`leha saesgtgva genorbltgoe ge sacura
roobs ge abdlssgas or outsgfa t`a QS.31;S`a raportaf `lvgeh to trlvaj bora to
lccobboflta t`lt pranaraeca.31
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>1 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;X`gja
t`gs gs jass cubdarsoba t`le trlvajgeh ldrolf bgh`t da, gt
gs yat leot`ar durfae t`lt fgsproportgoeltajy lnnacts t`a
fanaesa.
Oe t`a ot`ar `lef, l eubdar on crgbgelj fanaesa lttoreays
axprassaf prgecgpjaf rasgstleca to bofgnygeh t`agr prlctgcas
to protact lhlgest possgdja getrusgoe dy t`a QS hovarebaet.
Gjj da flbeaf gn G `lva to stlrt lctgeh jgma l fruh faljar ge
orfar to protact by cjgaets coengfaetgljgty, lssartaf Vob
Furmge. Leot`ar jlwyar fascrgdaf t`a sorts on balsuras eacasslry to lvogf soba norbs on
hovarebaet survagjjleca ls t`a mgefs on tac`egquas t`lt woujf stlef out to ba gn G
wletaf to fo sobat`geh gjjgcgt.318Jgefl Boraeo gfaetgngaf oea possgdja dlsgs nor suc`
naajgehs, eotgeh, Eodofy prlctgcaf jlw jgma t`gs
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >>
G^. V`a Hovarebaets Tltgoelja nor Survagjjleca
[rasgfaet Odlbl `ls fanaefaf `gs lfbgegstrltgoes jalm gevastghltgoes ls assaetglj to
pravaetgeh jalms t`lt coujf aeflehar QS bgjgtlry lef getajjghaeca onngcgljs,3>;
lef t`ahovarebaet gesgsts t`lt t`a survagjjleca prohrlbs lt t`a caetar on t`a Seowfae ravajltgoes
dot` cobpjy wgt` t`a jlw lef protact eltgoelj sacurgty. G coetgeua to dajgava t`lt t`ara `ls
daae eot`geh t`lt `ls coba out ge t`a jlst egea boet`s t`lt gs ge ley wly gecoesgstaet wgt`
]t`a cjlgb t`lt avaryt`geh wa fo gs jlwnujR, eotaf oea saegor getajjghaeca onngcglj, w`o ljso
lrhuaf t`lt dy lef jlrha t`a prohrlbs lra vljuldja nor protactgeh eltgoelj sacurgty.3>4L saegor NDG onngcglj
coecurraf, lffgeh, X`lts daae ravaljaf lra getajjghaeca-cojjactgoe prohrlbs t`lt wara
gegtgljjy lef orghgeljjy nocusaf oe fanaefgeh t`a couetry ge l tgba on wlr wgt` raspact to t`a
aeaby t`lt wara uefartlmae ge l bleear pursulet to t`a jlw.
Xa getarvgawaf ngva curraet or norbar QS onngcgljs wgt` meowjafha on t`a prohrlbs. V`ay
haearljjy fanaefaf t`a prohrlbs ls jahlj lef gbportlet nor eltgoelj sacurgty. V`ay ljso
s`owaf vlrygeh fahraas on coecare nor or getarast ge t`a gbplct t`lt t`a prohrlbs bgh`t lva
oe t`a worm on ioureljgsts lef lttoreays. Bost wara smaptgclj t`lt t`a prohrlbs lva lnnactaf
ioureljgsts lef fgf eot lppalr to lva coesgfaraf sargousjy t`a possgdja annact oe lttoreays.
V`a Jlwnujeass on Curraet Survagjjleca [rohrlbs
Onngcgljs wa getarvgawaf lrhuaf t`lt t`a Seowfae ravajltgoes fgf eot uecovar hovarebaet
ldusa on gts survagjjleca powars. V`a saegor NDG onngcglj odsarvaf, Wou foet `lva
]avgfaeca onR rlbplet fgsrahlrf nor t`a jlw. @a cjlgbaf t`lt t`a prohrlbs ravaljaf dy
3>;Oe Bly , 4;
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>8 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;6Fagtz assaetgljjy lhraaf, gesgstgeh t`lt `a
woujfet `lva spaet agh`t to egea yalrs ovarsaageh jlwjasseass.
V`a quastgoe on w`at`ar t`a prohrlbs nljj wgt`ge t`a jattar on QS stltutory jlw `ls daae
fgscussaf ajsaw`ara.3>1Lef w`at`ar getajjghaeca onngcgljs `lva aehlhaf ge wgjjnuj
bgscoefuct3>>or w`at`ar ovarsgh`t `ls daae lfaqulta3>8lra quastgoes t`lt nljj outsgfa
t`a scopa on t`gs raport. @owavar, our rasalrc` stroehjy suhhasts t`lt t`a QS fgf eot
fasghe t`a prohrlbs wgt` protactgoe on `uble rgh`ts norabost ge bgef.
X`ae lsmaf ldout t`a roja on `uble rgh`ts jlw ge s`lpgeh t`a survagjjleca lctgvgtgas on t`a
QS getajjghaeca cobbuegty, onngcgljs suhhastaf gt axgsts, dut gs jgbgtaf. V`a saegor NDG onngcglj
lcmeowjafhaf t`a sghegngcleca on tralty-dlsaf `uble rgh`ts jlw, eotgeh t`lt ]tRraltgas lra
t`a supraba jlw on t`a jlef, lef lffgeh, ]gRn gts t`a jlw, lef gt lppjgas, wajj aenorca gt.3>0
Wat `a ljso pogetaf to c`ljjaehas oparltgoeljgzgeh coecapts nrob getareltgoelj jlw,3>7lef
t`a cobbaets on ot`ar onngcgljs suhhastaf t`lt l fobastgc jahlj leljysgs prafobgeltas.
3>3Nor bora oe t`gs saquaeca on avaets, saa H. Ljax Sge`l, ESL Survagjjleca Sgeca 7/
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >0
G foet t`gem t`lt wa `lva `gstorgcljjy joomaf to getareltgoelj `uble rgh`ts jlw ls `lvgeh
l sudstletglj wagh`t on gts owe, ls opposaf to t`a mgef on prgecgpjas on nraafob lef
fghegty lef gefgvgfuljgty t`lt gts balet to gecorporlta, eotaf t`a saegor getajjghaeca
onngcglj.38;L norbar FOI onngcglj slgf t`lt bost on t`a getarelj jahlj lssassbaets woujf tlma
t`a norb on l prgblrgjy coestgtutgoelj leljysgseot le leljysgs t`lt axpjgcgtjy tlmasgeto lccouet t`a jlehulha on lppjgcldja `uble rgh`ts traltgas.38
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>7 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 8;
joomgeh nor or w`lt wara joomgeh nor= wa bly eot avae meow t`a typa on t`geh wara
joomgeh nor.304
Lffgtgoeljjy, Lj-\lafl cobbuegcltgoes lra njowgeh ljoeh axlctjy t`a slba pgpas ls your
cobbuegcltgoes lra. So tac`eojohgcljjy, wa eaaf to da ldja to ]gfaetgny lef sort t`rouh`t`osa cobbuegcltgoesR. Elturljjy, ]gRn youra jgstaegeh nor coevarsltgoes on dlf paopja,
you lra hogeh to jgstae to lef getarcapt soba coevarsltgoes on paopja w`o lraet dlf
paopja. Lef t`lts w`ara t`a bgegbgzltgoe cobas ge.303
Ls eotaf ge t`a Dlcmhrouef sactgoe, lhaecgas t`lt coefuct survagjjleca, jgma t`a ESL, wgjj
haearljjy oparlta uefar l sat on bgegbgzltgoe procafurasdrolf hugfajgeas s`lpgeh t`a
wly t`ay cle lcqugra, ratlge, fgssabgelta, or usa genorbltgoe t`ay `lva t`a powar to
cojjact.306Nor axlbpja, t`a lhaecy bgh`t sat procafuras t`lt gestruct abpjoyaas, ge cartlge
cgrcubstlecas, to raflct parsoeljjy gfaetgnygeh genorbltgoe on QS parsoes nouef ge
getarcaptaf cobbuegcltgoes. V`osa hugfajgeas cle da gbportlet daclusa, ls t`a saegor
getajjghaeca onngcglj gbpjgaf, t`a hovarebaet cojjacts l jot on genorbltgoe ldout paopja w`o
lra eot suspactaf on fogeh leyt`geh wroeh. Gt t`ae sgnts t`rouh` buc` on t`lt genorbltgoe,
dlsaf ge plrt oe t`a tarbs on gts bgegbgzltgoe procafuras. @owavar, t`a hovarebaet
oparltas l jlrha eubdar on fgnnaraet survagjjleca prohrlbs, lef wa fo eot meow t`a
fatlgjs on bost on t`a bgegbgzltgoe procafuras t`lt coestrlge t`ab. Suc` procafuras ljso
saab to provgfa slnahulrfs oejy nor QS parsoeslef avae t`osa lppalr to da vary walm.
X`lt jgttja gs pudjgc ldout t`a procafuras suhhasts t`lt t`ay pjlca avae nawar coestrlgets
oe w`lt t`a hovarebaet bly fo wgt` genorbltgoe lef cobbuegcltgoes on eoe-QS parsoes.
Bora haearljjy, G prodldjy coujfet fanaef avary sgehja ]dgt onR survagjjleca t`lt gs foea
out t`ara ls assaetglj to eltgoelj sacurgty. G t`gem dy lef jlrha t`ouh` gts le lpplrltus
t`lt gs sat-up to ]sarva t`lt nuectgoeR, slgf t`a saegor getajjghaeca onngcglj.301Ls nor t`a
dujm batlfltl prohrlb uefar Sactgoe 4
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8< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 84
dageh lsslssgeltaf dy t`a CGL, or ioureljgsts w`o suhhast t`lt t`ay `lva to da coecareaf
t`lt t`agr coevarsltgoes lra hogeh to da boegtoraf daclusa on t`agr ioureljgsb, t`lts iust
l nletlsy. @a lffaf, Gts our lssassbaet t`lt ]t`asa prohrlbsR lra eot `lvgeh lef
s`oujf eot `lva le uefua c`gjjgeh annact, lef t`lt nrlemjy, to t`a axtaet t`lt paopja lra
parcagvgeh t`a c`gjjgeh annact eow, gts jlrhajy fua to bgsparcaptgoe, sobatgbasgetaetgoeljjy nostaraf, ldout `ow t`a prohrlbs worm.37;
Fagtz blfa l rajltaf dut fgnnaraet fgstgectgoe, fgvgfgeh jahgtgblta lef gjjahgtgblta
c`gjjgeh.37
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83 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 86
V`a Gbplct oe Ioureljgsts
V`a onngcgljs wara smaptgclj t`lt survagjjleca `ls uefarbgeaf raportgeh, or gefaaf, t`lt
leyt`geh ajsa `ls agt`ar. ][aopja lrhua t`ltR t`gs blss survagjjleca lpplrltus gs hogeh to
clusa w`gstjadjowars to fry up lef eot da wgjjgeh to tljm to raportars lef t`aras
ldsojutajy eo gefgcltgoe on t`lt ge t`a prass lt ljj. V`aras l stalfy stralb avary fly on
cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe cobgeh out.370Bora drolfjy, `a odsarvaf, Xa `lvaet raljjy
saae ley balsurldja c`leha ge t`a ioureljgstgc output.377Ls t`a saegor NDG onngcglj put
gt, V`a Ngrst Lbaefbaet saabs qugta ljgva lef wajj ge Lbargcl tofly.6;;
Vwo onngcgljs suhhastaf t`lt ioureljgsts `lva ljwlys cobpjlgeaf ldout t`a c`ljjaehas on
raportgeh. Lccorfgeh to Fagtz, V`asa t`gehs rotlta t`rouh` Xls`gehtoe avary naw yalrs.
Egxoe `lf le aeabgas jgst. Gt wls l blttar on prastgha to da oe gt.6;
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81 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Gefaaf, soba on t`a ioureljgsts wa spoma wgt` gefgcltaf t`lt javygeh `anty
paeljtgas lhlgest suspactaf sourcas waafs out ljj dut t`a bost cobbgttaf sourcas,craltgeh le aevgroebaet bora sugtldja nor occlsgoelj, blssgva jalms on `gh`jy saesgtgva
genorbltgoe rlt`ar t`le bora eubarous, sbljjar fgscjosuras on jass saesgtgva
genorbltgoe.6;8Ls C`lrjga Slvlha eotaf, ioureljgsts `lvgeh bora coesgstaet lccass to l
wgfar rleha on hovarebaet lhaecgas bly da dattar nor s`af]fgehR jgh`t oe fabocrltgc
procassas t`le `lvgeh l sbljj eubdar on coecaetrltaf jalms.6;0V`a hovarebaet bgh`t
pranar t`lt sgtultgoe ls wajj.
V`a Gbplct oe Jlwyars lef V`agr CjgaetsHovarebaet onngcgljs `lf sobaw`lt jass to sly rahlrfgeh t`a possgdgjgty t`lt
survagjjleca `ls l c`gjjgeh annact oe lttoreays lef t`agr cjgaets. V`a saegor getajjghaeca
onngcglj odsarvaf t`lt t`gs gs eot l eaw gssua nor jlwyars, `ow to protact t`agr
cobbuegcltgoes ge le ajactroegc lha, gefgcltgeh t`lt `a `lf saae gt lrgsa ge prgvlta
prlctgca yalrs lho.6;7@a ajldorltaf9
S`oujf jlwyars cobbuegclta dy ablgj lt ljj wgt` t`agr cjgaets? ... ]Eot fogeh
soR gbposas l jgttja lffgtgoelj cost, dut gn jlwyars waraet tlmgeh t`asa
mgef on praclutgoes danora`lef, t`ay prodldjy s`oujf `lva daae. So, G
foet meow `ow buc` you cle lttrgduta to t`gs plrtgcujlr gssua.6@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` tajap`oea getarvgaw wgt` C`lrjga Slvlha, raportar nor t`a Eaw Worm Vgbas, Blrc`
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 8>
dayoef t`agr fgract cobbuegcltgoes wgt` cjgaets, gecjufgeh ealrjy ljj genorbltgoe rajltaf to
jahlj raprasaetltgoe.
X`lt t`a Hovarebaet S`oujf Fo
V`a ravajltgoes on jlrha-sclja survagjjleca dy t`a QS `lva probptaf fgscussgoe lef l
naw bofast staps towlrfs ranorb dy t`a [rasgfaet lef Coehrass. @owavar, nor t`a bost
plrt fgscussgoe on ranorb `ls daae fobgeltaf dy coecares ovar getrusgoe oe prgvlcy
rgh`ts. X`gja t`a prgvlcy coecares lra prassgeh lef gbportlet, t`ara `ls daae jgttja
pudjgc fgscussgoe on `ow t`a QS s`oujf lct to pravaet l c`gjjgeh on nraafobs on t`a prass,
axprassgoe, lef lssocgltgoe, or flblha to t`a lttoreay-cjgaet rajltgoes`gp.
Ls eotaf ldova, soba on t`a onngcgljs wa spoma to faegaf t`lt t`ara wls ley sort on
gelpproprglta c`gjjgeh annact. V`osa w`o lcmeowjafhaf l c`gjjgeh annact fgf eot saab tot`gem ranorb on hovarebaet prohrlbs wls ge orfar, t`ouh` two onngcgljs eotaf t`lt t`a
hovarebaet `ls le odjghltgoe to ljjly coecares lboeh t`a pudjgc, avae gn t`osa coecares
lra hrouefaf ge bgsuefarstlefgehs ldout t`a hovarebaets lctgvgty daclusa on gelccurlta
or ovarw`ajbgeh prass raports. X`ae lsmaf ldout w`at`ar t`a hovarebaet bgh`t `lva
suc` l futy, t`a saegor getajjghaeca onngcglj raspoefaf, Votljjy. Votljjy. @a lffaf, Gn
sobaoea wlets to wrgta l raport t`lt crgtgcgzas us nor eot fogeh l hoof aeouh` iod on
axpjlgegeh w`lt gt gs t`lt wa fo, Gb totljjy t`ara. G t`gem wa `lva eot foea l hoof aeouh`
iod.6
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88 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 80
getareltgoelj jlw, nraafob on axprassgoe cle ljso gecjufa leoeybous spaac`,6
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87 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4; on t`a GCC[T raqugras aqulj protactgoe danora t`a jlw nor avaryoea,
rahlrfjass on stltus.646Ls l rasujt, t`a rgh`ts ge t`a GCC[T lppjy aquljjy to ljj, gecjufgeh
eoecgtgzaes. Gefaaf, t`a QE @uble Tgh`ts Cobbgttaa (@TC), t`a dofy astldjgs`af dy t`a
GCC[T to ravgaw stlta raports lef gssua getarpratltgoes on t`a tralty, `ls ralnngrbaf t`lt
axprassgoe, lssocgltgoe, lef prgvlcy lra rgh`ts t`lt fo eot lfbgt on fgscrgbgeltgoedatwaae ljgaes lef cgtgzaes.641
V`a QS `ls joeh blgetlgeaf t`a posgtgoe t`lt t`a GCC[T gbposas eo axtrltarrgtorglj
odjghltgoes oe stltas plrtgas, lef t`us t`lt t`a hovarebaets odjghltgoes uefar t`a tralty
fo eot axtaef dayoef gts owe dorfars.64>V`lt posgtgoe `ajps t`a QS to iustgny
gbpjabaetgeh survagjjleca prohrlbs t`lt lra aspacgljjy gevlsgva on t`a rgh`ts on noraghears
jocltaf ldrolf. Wat getareltgoelj dofgas, gecjufgeh t`a @TC648lef t`a Onngca on t`a @gh`
Cobbgssgoear oe @uble Tgh`ts,640`lva rapufgltaf t`a gfal t`lt t`a GCC[T `ls eo
axtrltarrgtorglj ralc`. Gefaaf, w`ara l stlta cle proiact gts lut`orgty to getarcapt t`a
ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoes on parsoes outsgfa gts tarrgtory, gt clrrgas wgt` gt t`a odjghltgoe
to raspact prgvlcy, nraafob on axprassgoe, lef ot`ar lssocgltaf rgh`ts.647
(QF@T), lfoptaf Facabdar
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 0;
Ge gts Haearlj Cobbaet 36, t`a @TC ljso odsarvaf t`lt t`a nraafobs on axprassgoe lef
lssocgltgoe lra rajltaf.63;V`a rgh`ts to genorbltgoe lef to nraafob on axprassgoe lra
getahrlj to hroup lfvoclcy, pojgtgclj orhlegzgeh, vgefgcltgoe on rgh`ts, cgvgj socgaty
boegtorgeh, lef bley ot`ar lssocgltgva lctgvgtgas ge l eorblj fabocrltgc socgaty.
Nurt`ar, t`a @TC `ls getarprataf t`a jlehulha on Lrtgcja
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0< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 04
V`a nraafob on axprassgoe hulrletaaf dy t`a GCC[T gs eot ldsojuta. V`a tralty dugjfs ge
savarlj possgdja jgbgtltgoes, gecjufgeh oea nor t`a protactgoe on eltgoelj sacurgty.63>
@owavar, ley suc` rastrgctgoes bust da strgctjy cldgeaf9 ls gefgcltaf dy t`a taxt, t`a rgh`t
bly da sudiact to cartlge rastrgctgoes, dut t`asa s`ljj oejy da suc` ls lra provgfaf dy
jlw lef lra eacasslry nor t`a protactgoe on l jgstaf stlta getarast.638
Ls eotaf dy t`a @TC, t`gs jlehulha bales t`lt ley rastrgctgoes oe t`asa rgh`ts bust baat
spacgngc coefgtgoes9 t`ay bust da provgfaf dy jlw= t`ay bust lf`ara to oea on t`a purposas
jlgf out ge Lrtgcja Jgbgtltgoes bly ljso da parbgssgdja nor t`a protactgoe on pudjgc orfar, pudjgc aljt` or borljs, or t`a rgh`ts lef nraafobs on
ot`ars.Nor l jgst on t`osa jgbgtltgoes, saa, a.h., GCC[T, lrt.
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03 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 06
annactgva scrutgey on t`a vljgfgty on t`a rastrgctgoe dy le gefapaefaet ovarsgh`t lut`orgty
lef nujj ravgaw dy t`a courts.66>
Ljt`ouh` t`a Vs`wlea [rgecgpjas, uejgma t`a Io`leeasdurh [rgecgpjas, fo eot fangea
eltgoelj sacurgty, t`ay fo racobbaef gt da fangeaf pracgsajy ge jlw ge l bleearcoesgstaet wgt` l fabocrltgc socgaty. V`a prgecgpjas jgst l sbljj, gjjustrltgva sat on typas on
genorbltgoe t`lt bgh`t jahgtgbltajy da wgt``ajf nrob fgscjosura oe eltgoelj sacurgty
hrouefs provgfaf suc` eoefgscjosura gs dot` eacasslry lef proportgoelta to protact
eltgoelj sacurgty.668Dut t`ay spacgngcljjy jgst ot`ar typas on genorbltgoe, w`gc` ge prlctgca
lra ontae wgt``ajf, w`ara t`ara gs l stroeh prasubptgoe ge nlvor on pudjgc fgscjosura.
Gbportletjy, t`a Vs`wlea [rgecgpjas ljso blma cjalr t`lt nor soba cltahorgas on
genorbltgoe, t`ara gs le ovarrgfgeh pudjgc getarast ge fgscjosura, w`gc` bales t`lt t`a
genorbltgoe cleeot da wgt``ajf uefar ley cgrcubstlecas, daclusa t`ay lra on plrtgcujlrjy
`gh` pudjgc getarast hgvae t`agr spacglj sghegngcleca to t`a procass on fabocrltgc ovarsgh`t
lef t`a ruja on jlw,660V`asa cltahorgas gecjufa genorbltgoe ldout hross vgojltgoes on
`uble rgh`ts or sargous vgojltgoes on getareltgoelj `ublegtlrgle jlw,667ls wajj ls stlta
survagjjleca.61;Ngeljjy, t`a prgecgpjas ljso provgfa t`lt t`a fgscjosura dy pudjgc parsoeeaj
on cartlge cltahorgas on wroehfogeh (suc` ls `uble rgh`ts vgojltgoes)ge ot`ar worfs,
fgscjosuras dy w`gstjadjowarss`oujf da protactaf.61Gdgf., [rgecgpja 3.
668Spacgngcljjy, t`a [rgecgpjas jgst ngva cltahorgas t`lt covar oe-hogeh fanaesa oparltgoes= walpoe systabs= spacgngc
balsuras to slnahulrf t`a tarrgtory on t`a stlta (or ot`ar crgtgclj strltahgc lssats)= oparltgoes, sourcas, lef bat`ofs on
getajjghaeca sarvgcas halraf towlrf protactgeh eltgoelj sacurgty= lef genorbltgoe coecaregeh eltgoelj sacurgty t`lt wls
provgfaf dy ot`ar stltas or dofgas uefar l hulrletaa on coengfaetgljgty. Gdgf., [rgecgpja 7lg-v.660Gdgf., [rgecgpja
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01 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 0>
V`ralt [rohrlbt`lt saam to pravaet or puegs` fgscjosura on ljjcjlssgngaf genorbltgoe lra
dy t`agr eltura ovardrolf, avae t`ouh` buc` cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe bgh`t da jahgtgbltajy
wgt``ajf. V`a slba gs trua nor fgractgvas t`lt saam to rastrgct ljjuelut`orgzaf coetlct
datwaae onngcgljs lef t`a bafgl, or t`lt fgscourlha avae t`a s`lrgeh on uecjlssgngaf
genorbltgoe. Boraovar, coetrlry to getareltgoelj stleflrfs, QS jlw foas eot lfaqultajyprotact t`osa w`o fgscjosa onngcglj wroehfogeh or genorbltgoe on hralt pudjgc getarast.
Qefar t`a Aspgoelha Lct, nor axlbpja, gt gs uecjalr w`at`ar t`a pudjgc getarast ge l
fgscjosura bly avar da lvlgjldja ls l fanaesa to c`lrhas.611
V`a survagjjleca prohrlbs on t`a QS hovarebaet `lva frlbltgcljjy cobpouefaf t`gs
ljralfy sargous prodjab dy blmgeh gt sghegngcletjy bora c`ljjaehgeh nor t`grf plrtgas
ioureljgsts lef t`a pudjgc lt jlrhato saam out genorbltgoe t`lt t`a hovarebaet wgt``ojfs
dut t`lt gs on stroeh pudjgc getarast lef vljua to l fabocrltgc socgaty. Ge t`gs coetaxt, lt
jalst t`raa saplrlta rgh`ts lra t`us t`raltaeaf dy t`a curraet survagjjleca rahgba ge t`a QS9
t`a rgh`t on hovarebaet onngcgljs to s`lra genorbltgoe t`rouh` t`a prass wgt` t`a pudjgc=
t`a rgh`t on ioureljgsts to lcqugra lef s`lra genorbltgoe ldout t`a oparltgoes on t`a QS
hovarebaet= lef t`a rgh`t on t`a pudjgc to lccass t`lt genorbltgoe t`rouh` t`a bafgl. Gn
t`a hovarebaet ranusas to fgscjosa or facjlssgny t`gs genorbltgoe gtsajn ls l blttar on
onngcglj pojgcy, t`a jalst gt cle fo gs parbgt gts onngcgljs, t`a prass, lef t`a pudjgc to axarcgsa
t`a rgh`t to gbplrt or saam out genorbltgoe t`lt cleeot jahgtgbltajy da wgt``ajf.61>V`rouh`
gts coesgstaet t`ralt to pursua jalm gevastghltgoes, t`a QS coetgeuas to gbpafa t`a nraa
axarcgsa on t`lt `uble rgh`t. Lef, ls t`gs raport `ls s`owe, ioureljgsts lef sourcas lra
lnrlgf to fgscjosa or fgscuss blttars t`lt s`oujf da jahgtgblta topgcs on pudjgc fadlta
daclusa survagjjlecacobdgeaf wgt` t`a `lrs` crlcmfowe oe jalmsgecralsas t`a
jgmajg`oof t`lt t`a hovarebaet wgjj meow ldout t`agr coevarsltgoes lef bly prosacuta or
ot`arwgsa slectgoe t`a plrtgcgplets.
611Nor bora oe t`gs quastgoe, saa, a.h., Jlurl [gttar (@uble Tgh`ts Xltc`), Fgspltc`as9 Seowfae Clsa @gh`jgh`ts Eaaf nor
X`gstjadjowar Tanorb, Ileulry 8, 4;
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08 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 00
Fua [rocass Cjlusa on t`a Nourtaaet` Lbaefbaet, w`gc` abdrlcas
nraafob on spaac`.6>;
Ls nor nraafob on t`a prass, t`a Supraba Court `ls `ajf gt gs l nueflbaetlj parsoelj
rgh`t]R,6>4lef bly da sudpoaelaf to lppalr danora hrlef
iurgas.
Ljt`ouh` t`ara lra soba couetrgas t`lt paeljgza raportars w`o pudjgs` jalms on
hovarebaet sacrats, t`a Qegtaf Stltas `ls eot prosacutaf raportars w`o pudjgs`af
hovarebaet sacrats provgfaf to t`ab dy hovarebaet sourcas.6>3Soba worry t`lt
ioureljgsts coujf da prosacutaf uefar t`a Aspgoelha Lct on 1
6>;Gdgf. lt 6>;.
6>>1, >03 ( Q.S. 416, 487-
40; (6)= Hlrrgsoe v. Jougsglel, 387 Q.S. >6, 86 (6)= Curtgs [udjgs`geh Co. v. Dutts, 300 Q.S.
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 7;
Boraovar, abpjoyaas lt lhaecgas t`lt fgslpprova on uelut`orgzaf prass coetlct `lva l
plrtgcujlr getarast ge dageh ldja to spalm wgt` t`a prass leoeybousjy. Lccorfgeh to t`a
Supraba Court, Ngrst Lbaefbaet protactgoes fo gefaaf axtaef to soba balsura on
leoeybous spaac`.684Ge plrtgcujlr, t`a Court `ls raiactaf cartlge orfgelecas lef stltutas
t`lt raqugra spalmars to gfaetgny t`absajvas w`ae t`osa gfaetgngcltgoe raqugrabaets woujftaef to rastrgct nraafob to fgstrgduta genorbltgoe lef t`arady nraafob on axprassgoe.683
[ojgcgas t`lt saam to gfaetgny (lef t`ae puegs`) hovarebaet onngcgljs nor `lvgeh coetlct
wgt` t`a prass `lva t`a slba annact. V`a gecralsaf jalm prosacutgoes lef t`a Gesgfar
V`ralt [rohrlb s`lrpjy curtlgj t`a ldgjgty on nafarlj onngcgljs to axprass t`absajvas, avae
wgt` raspact to uecjlssgngaf genorbltgoe or bara opgegoes. Lffgtgoeljjy, ge t`a ldsaeca on
cjalr genorbltgoe ldout `ow t`a hovarebaet fapjoys survagjjleca genorbltgoe ge gts jalm
gevastghltgoes, hovarebaet sourcas `lrdor iustgngldja foudts ldout t`agr ldgjgty to aehlha
ge coestgtutgoeljjy protactaf, leoeybous coetlct wgt` ioureljgsts wgt`out sunnargeh
lfbgegstrltgva or jahlj paeljtgas.
X`gja suc` pojgcgas bly da fanaesgdja or avae fasgrldja to t`a axtaet t`lt t`ay protact
aspacgljjy saesgtgva genorbltgoe, our rasalrc` gefgcltas t`lt ge prlctgca t`ay ralc` buc`
nurt`ar. Onngcgljs nalr puegs`baet nor bara lssocgltgoe wgt` t`a prass, ls wajj ls nor
s`lrgeh uecjlssgngaf yat vljuldja genorbltgoe ldout t`a oparltgoe on t`a hovarebaet. Ls l
rasujt, t`ay lra jass wgjjgeh to spalm to raportars, uefarcuttgeh t`a njow on genorbltgoe to
t`a pudjgc, lef jgbgtgeh t`a nraafob on axprassgoe aes`rgeaf ge t`a QS Coestgtutgoe.
Tgh`ts Gbpjgcltaf dy Survagjjlecas Gbplct oe Lttoreays
Dot` getareltgoelj `uble rgh`ts jlw lef t`a QS Coestgtutgoe protact t`a rgh`t to couesaj,
w`gc` gs cobboejy uefarstoof ge dot` coetaxts to gecjufa t`a ldgjgty to cobbuegclta
nraajy wgt` oeas jahlj couesajaspacgljjy ge t`a coetaxt on crgbgelj prosacutgoe. V`lt
uefarstlefgeh ranjacts wgfa racohegtgoe t`lt gbpafgbaets to t`a axc`leha on genorbltgoe
hovarebaet bly eot caesor ]uecjlssgngaf bltargljs or genorbltgoe odtlgeaf nrob pudjgc sourcasR, coetrlctuljjy or ot`arwgsa
]lef tR`a hovarebaet ls eo jahgtgblta getarast ge caesorgeh uecjlssgngaf bltargljs. BcHa`aa, 8
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7< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
686GCC[T., lrt.
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 74
Nurt`ar, l jlwyar coujf wajj ravalj coengfaetglj genorbltgoe gbproparjy uefar t`a rujas on
pronassgoelj raspoesgdgjgty gn `a or s`a tlmas gelfaqulta staps to pravaet t`lt genorbltgoe
nrob dageh pgcmaf up lef storaf ge l hovarebaet cobputar. Avae gn eo uelut`orgzaf
parsoe lctuljjy ravgaws suc` genorbltgoe, lt t`lt poget, t`a hovarebaet `ls hlgeaf lccass
to gt. Boraovar, t`a hovarebaet cleeot haearljjy meow gn t`a genorbltgoe gt `ls cojjactafs`oujf da traltaf ls coengfaetglj uetgj gt ravgaws gt. Avae traltgeh genorbltgoe spacgljjy lt
t`lt poget, ls t`a hovarebaet bly c`oosa to fo uefar vlrgous bgegbgzltgoe procafuras
fasgheaf to protact QS parsoes, wgjj eot uefo t`a `lrb.688(Nlgjura to tralt coengfaetglj
genorbltgoe spacgljjy bgh`t axlcardlta t`a `lrb, `owavarnor axlbpja, gn t`a hovarebaet
wara to s`lra coengfaetglj genorbltgoe wgt` prosacutors ge t`a clsa lhlgest t`a fanaeflet
gt coecares.) V`a sljgaet sojutgoe gs to aehlha ge bora elrrow cojjactgoe oe t`a nroet aef,
spacgngcljjy lvogfgeh t`a cojjactgoe on coengfaetglj genorbltgoe.
QS Coestgtutgoelj Jlw
V`a Sgxt` Lbaefbaet to t`a QS Coestgtutgoe ljso provgfas nor l rgh`t to couesaj.680L
eubdar on cgrcugt courts `lva abp`lsgzaf t`lt t`a `alrt on t`gs rgh`t aecobplssas t`a
ldgjgty on fanaeflets to cobbuegclta sacurajy wgt` t`agr lttoreays (t`ouh` soba
jgbgtltgoes axgst, aspacgljjy nor fanaeflets ge fataetgoe). Nor axlbpja, ge Qegtaf Stltas v.
Tosear, t`a Sacoef Cgrcugt `ajf t`lt t`a assaeca on t`a Sgxt` Lbaefbaet rgh`t gs, gefaaf,
prgvlcy on cobbuegcltgoe wgt` couesaj.687Ge Cljfwajj v. Qegtaf Stltas, t`a FC Cgrcugt
Court on Lppaljs odsarvaf t`lt `gh` botgvas lef zalj nor jlw aenorcabaet cleeot iustgny
spygeh upoe lef getrusgoe geto t`a rajltgoes`gp datwaae l parsoe lccusaf on crgba lef `gs
couesaj.60;V`a V`grf Cgrcugt onnaraf l nujjar axpjleltgoe9
V`a nueflbaetlj iustgngcltgoe nor t`a sgxt` lbaefbaet rgh`t to couesaj gs
t`a prasubaf geldgjgty on l fanaeflet to blma genorbaf c`ogcas ldout t`a
praplrltgoe lef coefuct on `gs fanaesa. Nraa two-wly cobbuegcltgoe
raspactaf lef tlmae geto lccouet dy Hovarebaets wgt`ge t`a nrlbaworm on t`agr eltgoelj jahgsjltgoe lef prlctgca. V`a tarbs
on t`asa prgecgpjas, w`gja eot jahljjy dgefgeh, lra `gh`jy genjuaetglj ge fangegeh t`a tarbs on QSs `uble rgh`ts odjghltgoesuefar t`a GCC[T.
688Nor bora oe t`a hovarebaets traltbaet on lttoreay-cjgaet cobbuegcltgoes cojjactaf t`rouh` survagjjleca, saa Sactgoe G^,
V`a Hovarebaets Tltgoelja nor Survagjjleca.
680Spacgngcljjy, t`a Sgxt` Lbaefbaet stgpujltas t`lt Ge ljj crgbgelj prosacutgoes, t`a lccusaf s`ljj aeioy t`a rgh`t . to
`lva t`a lssgstleca on couesaj nor `gs fanaesa. Q.S. COESV. lbaef. ^G.
687Qegtaf Stltas v. Tosear, 601 N.4f
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73 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 76
Tacobbaefltgoes
Avaryoea `ls t`a rgh`t to cobbuegclta wgt` le axpactltgoe on prgvlcy, gecjufgeh prgvlcy
nrob uewlrrletaf or gefgscrgbgelta survagjjleca dy hovarebaets. V`gs rgh`t, w`gc` cle da
rastrgctaf oejy nor gbportlet ralsoes suc` ls eltgoelj sacurgty, gs assaetglj eot iust to
gefgvgfulj nraafob on axprassgoe, dut to t`a nlgr lef lccouetldja nuectgoegeh on l
fabocrlcy. V`gs raport focubaets t`a t`ralts t`lt survagjjleca posas to two pronassgoes,
vgtlj to l fabocrltgc socgaty, t`lt fapaef oe nraafob on axprassgoe lef coengfaetgljgty on
cobbuegcltgoes9 ioureljgsb lef jlw. V`osa t`ralts lra axlcardltaf dy ovar-cjlssgngcltgoe
lef axcassgva hovarebaet sacracy.
Lcmeowjafhgeh t`a jgbgts on our meowjafha ldout t`a fatlgjs on axgstgeh QS survagjjleca
prohrlbs, wa urha t`a QS Coehrass lef t`a [rasgfaet to lfopt t`a racobbaefltgoesjgstaf dajow to jgbgt t`a hovarebaets survagjjleca lctgvgtgas, straeht`ae rastrgctgoes oe t`a
usa on genorbltgoe cojjactaf t`rouh` survagjjleca, gecralsa trlesplraecy, lef lffrass
prodjabs jgemaf to ovar-cjlssgngcltgoe lef jalm gevastghltgoes lef prosacutgoes. V`a
[rasgfaet `ls t`a powar to blma bley on t`asa c`lehas uegjltarljjy, lef `a s`oujf usa
t`lt powar wgt`out fajly. Cartlge joehar-tarb sojutgoes wgjj raqugra l jahgsjltgva raspoesa,
lef wa urha Coehrass to lct swgntjy to provgfa oea.
Elrrow t`a Scopa on Survagjjleca Lut`orgtgas
Getareltgoelj jlwgecjufgeh, ge plrtgcujlr, t`a GCC[Traqugras t`lt t`a Qegtaf Stltas
aesura t`lt ley getarnaraeca wgt` t`a rgh`ts to prgvlcy lef nraafob on axprassgoe cobpjy
wgt` t`a prgecgpjas on jahljgty, proportgoeljgty, lef eacassgty nor l jahgtgblta lgb, suc` ls
eltgoelj sacurgty. V`gs gs trua rahlrfjass on t`a eltgoeljgty on t`a gefgvgfuljs lnnactaf.
Boraovar, ge cgrcubstlecas w`ara l stlta axarcgsas annactgva coetroj ovar le gefgvgfulj or
t`lt gefgvgfuljs axarcgsa on rgh`ts, t`lt stlta gs ljso odjghaf to raspact suc` rgh`ts avae
w`ae t`a gefgvgfulj gs jocltaf outsgfa gts tarrgtory.
Bley QS survagjjleca prlctgcas, ls ravaljaf sgeca Iuea 4;
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71 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 7>
o Jlw aenorcabaet lhaecgas s`oujf eot haearljjy `lva lccass to fltldlsas
cojjactaf dy getajjghaeca lhaecgas, ldsaet soba facgsgoe dy le
gefapaefaet trgduelj t`lt, dy t`agr tarbs, parbgssgdja jlw aenorcabaet
salrc`as ot`arwgsa cobpjy wgt` coestgtutgoelj lef getareltgoelj jlw
stleflrfs rajltgeh to crgbgelj clsas.
Straeht`ae t`a [rotactgoes [rovgfaf dy Vlrhatgeh lef Bgegbgzltgoe
[rocafuras
Buc` on t`a lexgaty clusaf dy t`a hovarebaets survagjjleca prohrlbs stabs nrob t`a
parbgssgvaeass on t`a QS hovarebaets tlrhatgeh lef bgegbgzltgoe procafuras, w`gc`
provgfa walm protactgoes nor QS parsoes, lef vgrtuljjy eoea lt ljj nor eoe-QS parsoes.
V`osa procafuras lppalr to ljjow alsy lccass to lef joeh-tarb rataetgoe on genorbltgoe on
eo sghegngclet vljua to l cobpajjgeh stlta getarast. V`a QS s`oujf straeht`ae t`a tlrhatgehlef bgegbgzltgoe procafuras t`lt protact t`a prgvlcy on ljj t`osa w`osa genorbltgoe gs
swapt geto t`a hovarebaets aeorbous fltldlsas. Vowlrf t`lt aef, gt s`oujf tlma t`a
nojjowgeh staps9
Taqugra prgor ravgaw on tlrhatgeh facgsgoes dy l cobpataet, gefapaefaet, lef
gbplrtglj facgsgoeblmar.
o Qefar Sactgoe 8;4 lef Axacutgva Orfar
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78 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 70
crgbgelj procaafgehs t`lt pracafa le gefgctbaet, crgbgelj blttars w`ara
t`a ESL foas eot yat meow on le gefgctbaet, lef cgvgj blttarslsgfa nrob
t`a raqugrabaet t`lt t`a ESLs Onngca on Haearlj Couesaj ravgaw proposaf
fgssabgeltgoe on suc` cobbuegcltgoes. V`ara gs ljso eo protactgoe nor
coengfaetglj, ls opposaf to prgvgjahaf, genorbltgoe rajltaf to oehogeh jahljraprasaetltgoe. V`a Axacutgva Drlec` s`oujf gbpjabaet bgegbgzltgoe
procafuras t`lt raqugra t`a hovarebaet to fajata coengfaetglj or prgvgjahaf
lttoreay cobbuegcltgoes gt hlt`ars t`rouh` gts survagjjleca prohrlbs,
wgt`out ratlgegeh, fgssabgeltgeh, or ot`arwgsa usgeh genorbltgoe hjaleaf
nrob ravgawgeh t`ab.
Fgscjosa Lffgtgoelj Genorbltgoe ldout Survagjjleca [rohrlbs to t`a [udjgc
V`a sacracy surrouefgeh QS survagjjleca lut`orgtgas `ls hraltjy `gefaraf t`a pudjgcfadlta ldout t`a prohrlbs, lef gt `ls coetrgdutaf to t`a uecartlgety najt bost lcutajy dy
t`osa w`o rajy `alvgjy oe t`a coengfaetgljgty on t`agr cobbuegcltgoes, suc` ls ioureljgsts
lef jlwyars. Vo ljjow nor l bora balegehnuj pudjgc fadlta, lef to parbgt t`a pudjgc to
uefarstlef t`a trua scopa on t`a hovarebaets survagjjleca lut`orgtgas, t`a Qegtaf Stltas
s`oujf tlma t`a nojjowgeh staps9
[udjgs` fatlgjaf, uecjlssgngaf fascrgptgoes on t`a sclja lef scopa on sgheljs
getajjghaeca coefuctaf uefar ljj lut`orgtgas, gecjufgeh Axacutgva Orfar
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77 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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108/126
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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112/126
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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114/126
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ
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Xgt` Jgdarty to Boegtor Ljj, l ioget raport dy @uble Tgh`ts Xltc` lef t`a LCJQ, focubaets t`a gesgfgous annacts on jlrha-sclja
QS survagjjleca oe t`a prlctgca on ioureljgsb lef jlw ge t`a Qegtaf Stltas, lef t`a t`ralt gt posas to dlsgc nraafobs lef
fabocrltgc vljuas. V`a raport gs dlsaf oe axtaesgva getarvgaws wgt` ioureljgsts, jlwyars, lef saegor QS hovarebaet onngcgljs.
Ioureljgsts covargeh getajjghaeca, eltgoelj sacurgty, lef jlw aenorcabaet ngef t`lt survagjjlecacobdgeaf wgt` gecralsaf jalm
prosacutgoes lef rastrgctgoes oe coetlct datwaae onngcgljs lef t`a prassgetgbgfltas sourcas, blmgeh t`ab bora `asgtlet to
fgscuss avae uecjlssgngaf gssuas on pudjgc coecare. Ioureljgsts fascrgda lfoptgeh ajldorlta, durfaesoba sacurgty tac`egquas,
lef pudjgs`geh jass genorbltgoe on pudjgc getarast.
Jlwyars bust up`ojf l pronassgoelj raspoesgdgjgty to blgetlge t`a coengfaetgljgty on genorbltgoe rajltaf to t`agr cjgaets. V`ay ljso
rajy oe t`a nraa axc`leha on genorbltgoe wgt` t`agr cjgaets to dugjf trust lef favajop jahlj strltahy. Gecralsaf survagjjleca craltas
uecartlgety ls to w`at`ar jlwyars cle avar provgfa trua coengfaetgljgty, lef uefarbgeas t`a rgh`t to couesaj.
V`a QS `ls le odjghltgoe to protact eltgoelj sacurgty, lef bly aehlha ge survagjjleca to t`a axtaet gt gs jlwnuj, eacasslry, lef
proportgoelta to l jahgtgblta stlta getarast. Dut bley axgstgeh survagjjleca prohrlbs lra gefgscrgbgelta or ovardrolf, lef
t`raltae nraafob on axprassgoe, t`a rgh`t to couesaj, lef t`a pudjgcs ldgjgty to `ojf gts hovarebaet to lccouet. V`a QS s`oujf
ranorb t`asa prohrlbs to aesura t`ay lra tlrhataf lef jahgtgblta, gecralsa trlesplraecy lrouef eltgoelj sacurgty lef
survagjjleca blttars, lef tlma staps dattar to protact w`gstjadjowars lef t`a bafgl.
XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOT LJJ@ow Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca gs @lrbgeh Ioureljgsb, Jlw lef Lbargcle Fabocrlcy