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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuEo2ccTPA
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Characteristics of Life• All living things are made of cells
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• The discovery of the cell became possible with the development of the microscope
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL
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• All living things are made of one or more cells
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
• Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
The Cell Theory
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Cell Size and Types• Cells, the basic units of organisms,
can only be observed under microscope
• Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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• Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye. They range from 2 meters long to .2 micrometers
Cell Diversity
Longest cellNeuron = 1.3m
Largest cell= ovaSmallest cell=sperm
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Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria
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Multicellular Organisms• Cells in multicellular organisms
often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)
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Specialized Animal Cells
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
Cheek cells
Shape – The shape of a cell varies depending on the function of the
cellNerve cell
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Specialized Plant cells
Xylem cellsPollen
Guard Cells
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles
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Golgi Bodies
• Have a shipping side & a receiving side
• Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER.
• Proteins are used either inside or outside of the cell
Transport
vesicle
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Lysosome• Contain digestive
enzymes• Break down food
and worn out cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
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Nucleolus• Inside nucleus• Makes ribosomes
that make proteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth ER lacks
ribosomes & makes proteins Used in the cell, manufactures lipids, gets rid of poisons
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORTcopyright cmassengale
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Rod shapeSite of energy production
Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Surrounding the Cell
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Nonliving layerGives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells
Cell wall
Cell Wall
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cell
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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
More on Cytoplasm
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Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNABounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle
Nucleus
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell Organelles
Chloropla
st
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Plant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidFound in plant cells
Cell wall
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Have a large central vacuole
Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments
Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
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Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cell
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between plant cells and animal
cellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between plant cells and animal
cellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shapeCell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
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REVIEW• Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts
• Like a highway transports proteins
• Like a post office-packages proteins getting them ready for transport
• Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things
• Responsible for making ribosomes
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Levels of organization• Cells are
grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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Tissue• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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Organ
• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions–Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels
–Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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System• Several organs and tissues work
together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory,
excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!
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The Liver• Largest organ• Weighs 3-3.5 lbs• Size of a football• Most important organ;
used to produce and store biochemicals
• Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins
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The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs.
Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA. All rights reserved.
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Diseases• If the liver is exposed to
toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job
– Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol– Hepatitis C– Increased salt intake can
decrease the livers ability to break down toxins
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Biomedical Engineering• Can now grow artificial organs for people
who need new livers• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7eM3zOffI4
• Engineers need to understand how the liver works in order to be able to create new organs or regenerate just a portion of the liver– Only need ¼ of the original liver
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Bioengineering Lab• As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to
keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced (h2O2).
• An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us.
• When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively.
• You will be investigating• this process
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