Download - Human Anatomy
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Human Anatomy
Chapter 2
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Table of Contents Introduction
Terms and Concepts Worth Knowing– Anatomical Position– Directional Terms– Planes of the Body
The Musculoskeletal System– Bones– Joints– Muscles
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Introduction: What is the Structure of My Body? Human Anatomy: The study of the
structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other.
Structure determines function: The structures of the human body are well-designed for efficient movement.
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Terms and Concepts Worth Knowing
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Anatomical Position
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– Legs straight– Heels, feet and great toes parallel
to each other The starting reference point for
describing the human body It is universally accepted It is used in all anatomical
descriptions
– Palms facing forward and the thumbs outward
Description– Standing erect– Facing forward– Arms hanging at the sides
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Directional Terms
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Reminder:
All directional terms are based on the assumption that the body is in the
anatomical position.
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Lateral-Medial
– Lateral – Away from the midline of the body
Midline
LateralMedial
– Medial – Toward the midline
– E.g., Your ears are lateral to your cheeks and your cheeks are medial to your ears
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Distal-Proximal
– Distal – Further from some specified region
– Proximal – Closer to some specified region
– E.g., With respect to the trunk, the hands are distal to the arms and the arms are proximal to the hands.
– E.g., With respect to nerves and blood vessels, proximal also means "toward the origin" and distal means "away from the origin"
– E.g., The colon is the distal portion and stomach is the proximal portion of the digestive tract
Thigh is proximal to the leg
Leg is distal to the thighLeg is proximal to the foot
Foot is distal to the leg
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Anterior-Posterior
– Anterior – In front of or front of your body
Anterior Skeleton
– Posterior – Behind or back of your body– E.g., Your lips are anterior to your teeth and your teeth are posterior to your lips
Posterior Skeleton
– E.g., In the anatomical position, your palms are facing anteriorly
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Superior-Inferior
– Superior – AboveThe collar bone is superior to the rib cage
– Inferior – Below
– E.g., Your lips are superior to your chin and your chin is inferior to your lips
The hip bone isinferior to the ribcage
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Supine– Lying on the back – E.g., Performing a
bench press
Prone – Lying face down – E.g., Preparing to perform a push-up
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Planes of the Body
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Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the human body
They are used to:– divide the body for further identification of
particular areas– describe different movements or actions
Always refer to the body in the anatomical position
Planes
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Median plane or midsagittal plane
– A vertical plane that bisects the body into equal right and left halves
– Sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median plane
MedianPlane
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Coronal plane or frontal plane
– A vertical plane that bisects the body into front and back
– It is at right angles to the median plane
Coronal Plane
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Transverse plane or horizontal plane
– A horizontal plane that bisects the body into top and bottom
– It is at right angles to both the median and coronal planes
Transverse Plane
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Center of gravity– The point at which
the median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect