Download - Human Anatomy and Physiology I
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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
Lecture: M 6-9:30 Randall Visitor CenterLab: W 6-9:30 Swatek Anatomy Center, Centennial ComplexRequired Text: Marieb 9th edition
Dr. Trevor Lohman DPT(949) [email protected]
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THE CELLCH. 3: THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE
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THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE The Smallest Living Unit
Cell Theory:
Generalized or Composite Cell• Plasma Membrane• Cytoplasm• Nucleus
Fig 3.2
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THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: STRUCTUREThe Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane Lipids• Phospholipids• Glycolipids• Cholesterol• Lipid Rafts• Fig 3.3
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PLASMA MEMBRANE: STRUCTUREMembrane Proteins:• Integral Proteins
• Peripheral Proteins
• The Glycocalyx
• Fig 3.3-3.4
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CELL JUNCTIONS
Tight Junctions:
Desmosomes:
Gap Junctions:
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THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: MEMBRANE TRANSPORTPassive Processes• Osmosis
• Aquaporins• Osmolarity• Hydrostatic vs. osmotic pressure• Tonicity (Iso, Hyper, Hypo)• Fig 3.9
• Diffusion• Simple diffusion• Facilitated diffusion• Carrier-Mediated facilitated diffusion• Channel-Mediated facilitated diffusion• Fig 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
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THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: MEMBRANE TRANSPORTActive Transport• Primary Active Transport (3.10)
• Sodium-potassium pump• Secondary Active Transport (3.11)
• Symport system vs. antiport system• Vesicular Transport (3.12- 3.13)
• Endocytosis, Transcytosis, Vesicular Trafficking Fig 3.12• Phagocytosis• Pinocytosis• Receptor Mediated endocytosis• Exocytosis
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THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: GENERATION OF A RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALMembrane Potential and Resting Membrane Potential
Selective Diffusion Establishes Membrane Potential• Fig 3.15
• Step 1• Step 2• Step 3
Active Transport Maintains Electrochemical Gradients
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THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: CELL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONSRoles of Cell Adhesion Molecules• Molecular Velcro• The “arms”• Send SOS signals• The Mechanical Sensors• The Transmitters of
intracellular signals
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THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: CELL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONSRoles of Plasma Membrane Receptors• Contact Signaling• Chemical Signaling
• Ligands• Catalytic receptor proteins• Chemically gated channel-link
receptors• G-linked receptors
• Second messengers• Cyclic AMP• Ionic calcium• Fig 3.16
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THE CYTOPLASM
The Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions
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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLESEndoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLESGolgi Apparatus• Trans face• Cis face
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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Peroxisomes• Neutralize free radicals
Lysosomes
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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLESCytoskeleton• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules
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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
• Centrosome
• Centrioles
• Fig 3.25
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THE NUCLEUSThe Nucleus• Multinucleate• Anucleate
3 distinguishable regions• The Nuclear Envelope
• Nuclear Pores• Nucleoli• Chromatin
• 30% DNA• 60% globular histone proteins• 10% RNA chains• Nucleosomes• Chromosomes
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CELL CYCLE: INTERPHASE/M-PHASEInterphase (Metabolic/Growth Phase)• Subphases
• G1 (gap 1 subphase)/(G0 phase)
• S Phase• G2 (gap 2 subphase)
• DNA Replication• Enzymatic Unwinding
• Replication bubble forms• RNA Primer Formation• DNA Polymerase
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CELL DIVISIONCell Division• M (mitotic) phase
• Mitosis• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
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MITOSISProphase• Early Prophase
• Chromatin condenses, forms chromosomes
• Centrosome separation, Mitotic spindle forms
• Late Prophase• Nuclear envelope dissolves• Spindle microtubules attach to
kinetochores at each centromere• Polar microtubules slide past
each other forcing the poles apart
Fig 3.33
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MITOSISMetaphase• Centromeres are at
opposite poles of the cell• Chromosomes align
along the equator of the spindle or metaphase plate
• Enzymatic separation of chromatids begins
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ANAPHASE• Shortest Mitotic Phase• Begins with simultaneous
chromatid separation• Motor proteins within the
kinetochores pull chromosomes toward the poles
• Polar microtubules continue to expand, pushing the poles further apart
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TELOPHASE• Begins when
chromosomal movement stops
• Resembles prophase in reverse
• Chromosomes unravel and revert to chromatin
• New nuclear envelopes form and nucleoli reform
• Mitotic spindle disappears • Mitosis ends, and cell is
now binucleate
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CYTOKINESIS• Actin ring forms and
constricts until cell is pinched in two
• Begins during late Anaphase
• Continues beyond Telophase
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISDeoxyribose Nucleic Acid• DNA is the master
blueprint• Composed of 4 nucleotide
bases A, T, C, G• Triplets code for
individual amino acids• Exons and introns• DNA is useless without
RNA
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISRNA• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• The “transcript” from which protein synthesis is performed
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)• Building block of
ribosomes• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Transport cytoplasmic amino acids to ribosomes
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISTranscription• Initiation
• RNA Polymerase• Promoter• Helix pulled apart
• Elongation• Helix unwound and
rewound and as mRNA formed
• Termination• Termination signal• mRNA separation
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISTranslation• Nucleic acid language translated to amino
acid language• Codons (64 possible)
Translation Events• Initiation
• Ribosomal subunit binds to initiating tRNA which scans for start codon
• Elongation• Codon recognition• Peptide bond formation• Translocation
• Termination• Stop codon reached• Polypeptide chain released
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISFig 3.4Fig 3.39
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CH 3: THE CELLStudy Guide