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This course introduces students in pursuing
careers in the allied health fields to the
structures and function of the human body.
Human Anatomy and Physiology explores thesystems comprising the human body.
It emphasizes on the physiological
mechanisms and a thorough understanding of
human anatomy.
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An emphasis is placed on the
interrelatedness of such systems like
skeletal, muscular, nervous, and circulatory.
This course is recommended for thosepursuing a career in the health science field
like nutrition and dietetics course.
This course has a substantial laboratory
component, including cat dissection incomparison to human.
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The course is offered to any BS health
science field like Nutrition and Dietetics
majors.
It orients students to the new world oflearning in which they will soon become
immersed in anatomic and physiological
terminologies and lessons.
It introduces the basic principles of thehuman body as well as the physiological
functioning and other ethical issues.
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The course serves as a foundation for otherhigher courses in Nutrition and Dietetics orother biologically-related fields.
Most students will find the subject matterfascinating and fun but also challenging anddemanding because of the materialscomplexity, diversity, a number of new andunfamiliar topics, and terms as these things
will help students develop good study habits,excellent time management and enhanceknowledge of nature and respect to thecreation of God.
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YAMATONANATOMY
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YPHGOYSLOI
PHYSIOLOGY
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YPHGOYSLOI
PHYSIOLOGY
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CMIAPCORCSOYAMNOTA
MACROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
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LGAENGOIYAMNOTA
REGIONAL
ANATOMY
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CSIYSMTEYAMNOTA
SYSTEMIC
ANATOMY
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ANATOMY studies the structure of
body parts and their relationship to
one another
Physiology concerns the function of
the bodys structural machinery
(how body parts work and sustain
life-activities)
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Macroscopic anatomy ( Gross) is the study
of large body structures visible to the naked
eye, such as the heart, lungs and kidneys.
Regional anatomy all structure in oneparticular region of the body such as the
abdomen or leg at the same time
Systemic anatomy the gross anatomy of the
body is studied system by system Surface anatomy study of internal body
structures as they relate to the overlaying
skin surface
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Microscopic anatomy concerns structures toosmall to be seen with the naked eye ( slices ofbody tissues)
Subdivision:
cytology cells of the bodyhistology study of tissues
Developmental anatomy traces structuralchanges that occur in the body throughout the
life spanSubdivision: Embryology- developmentalanatomy, concerns developmental changes thatoccur before birth and helps to explain birthdefects
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Anatomic pathology ( Pathological anatomy)
studies structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic anatomy studies internal
structure as visualized by X-ray images orspecialized scanning procedures
Molecular biology structure of biological
molecules is investigated ( chemical
substances)
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Renal Physiology concerns kidney function
and urine production
Neuron Physiology explains the workings of
the nervous systemCardiovascular Physiology- examines the
operation of the heart and blood vessels
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It focuses on events at the cellular level or
molecular level
An understanding of physiology also rests on
principles of physics, which help to explainelectrical currents, blood pressure and the
way muscles use bones to cause body
movements among other things.
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Chemical Level simplest structuralorganization Atoms tiny building blocks
Molecules like water, sugar and protein
Organelle
Cells smallest units of living thing
Cellular level Organsystemshave specific functions;
composed of organs Organsprovide specific functions for the
organism
Tissuesmade of groups of similar cells
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1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
Contractility muscles cells ability to
move by shortening more precisely3. Responsiveness or irritability ability to
sense changes ( stimuli) in the environment
and then respond to them ( e.g nerve cells)
4. Digestion is the process of breaking downingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that
can be absorbed into the food
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5. Excretion process of removing wastes from
the body
E.g.
Digestive system- rids the body ofindigestible food residues in feces and the
Urinary system - disposes of nitrogen-
containing metabolic wastes, such as urea,
in urineRespiratory System removes carbon
dioxide
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6. Reproduction can occur at the cellular
level; responsible for producing offspring
but its function is exquisitely regulated by
hormones of the endocrine system
7. Growth an increase in size of a body part of
the organisms; involves increasing number of
cells
8. Survival Needs ( Nutrients taken in diet;
Oxygen; Water, Normal Body Temperature;
Atmospheric Pressure)
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9. Homeostasis ability to maintain relatively
stable internal condition even though the
outside world changes continuously
a) Blood Levelb) Heart Activity
c) Blood Pressure
d) Wastes in the body
e) Chemical, Thermal and Neural factors
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Variable- factor or event being regulated
Receptor first component
Stimuli sensor that monitors the
environment and respond to changesControl Center second component;
determines set point ( level of range)
Effector provides the means for the control
centers response ( output) to the stimulus
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1. STIMULUS: Produces change in variable
2. Change detected by receptor
RECEPTORS ( SENSOR )
3. INPUT: Information sent along afferentpathway to
CONTROL CENTER
4. OUTPUT: Information sent along efferentpathway to
EFFECTOR5. Response of effector feeds back to influence
maganitude of stimulus and returns variable tohomeostasis
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The output of the system shuts off the
original stimulus or reduces its intensity
It cause the variable to change in a direction
opposite to that of the initial change,returning it to its ideal value; thus the
name negative feedback mechanisms
E.g
1. Thermostat/Body Thermostat located inyour brain called hypothalamus
2. Neural Control Mechanism withdrawal
reflex ( Hand jerk)
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3. Mechanism in the blood glucose levels by
pancreatic hormones
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The result or response enhances or
exaggerates the original stimulus so that the
activity ( output) is accelerated
Usually control infrequent events that do notrequire continuous adjustments
Often referred to as cascades ( to fall)
Example : Blood clotting and enhancement
of labor contraction during birth
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Blood clotting
Once vessel damage has occurred:
1. blood elements called platelets
immediately begin to cling to the injuredsite;
2. release chemicals that attract more
platelets;
3. rapidly growing pileup of plateletsinitiates the sequence of events; and
4. forms a clot.