Download - Human Body Systems
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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems
2011-20122011-2012
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Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• HomeostasisHomeostasis refers to a balance refers to a balance or equilibrium state in the body or equilibrium state in the body “biological balance”“biological balance”– Body Temperature Body Temperature
(sweating/shivering)(sweating/shivering)– Thirst when dehydratedThirst when dehydrated– Hormone LevelsHormone Levels
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Tissues
Cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organisms
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Tissues
• There are four main types of tissues in the human body:– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
• Covers and protects underlying tissues
• Examples:– Skin– Covering of most
organs
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Connective Tissue
• Joins, supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organs
• Examples:– Loose connective– Dense connective
• Tendons• ligaments
– Blood– Bone– Adipose (fat)– Cartilage
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Muscle Tissue
• Contract and relax to produce movement
• Examples:– Smooth
• intestines
– Skeletal• Attached to bones
– Cardiac• heart
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Nervous Tissue
• Sends signals throughout the body
• Examples:– Brain– nerves
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The Body Systems
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Integumentary System
Tissue Types- Epithelial - Connective (to attach
skin to unlying muscle)
Organs- Skin- Hair- Nails- Sweat Glands- Sebaceous Glands
(oil)
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Integumentary Functions
• Maintains Homeostasis (regulate body temperature)
• Provides protection for internal body
• Prevents water loss• Produces Vitamin D
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Skeletal System
Tissue Types- Connective Tissue
- Bone- Cartilage- Loose connective- Dense connective- Blood
Organs- Bone
- Spongy- Compact
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Skeletal Functions • Protection for some
internal organs– Heart, lungs, brain
• Forms blood cells• Body shape and
Movement• Stores important
minerals – Calcium, Phosphates
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Skeletal Functions• Cartilage is soft,
flexible tissue. Some cartilage forms bone
• Ligaments are strong elastic bands that connect bone to bone
• Joints are where two bones connects
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Muscular System
Tissue Types- Connective
- Loose connective
- Muscle- tendons
Organs- Smooth- Skeletal- Cardiac
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Muscle Functions
• Smooth– Found in digestive tract and line many
organs– Have one central nucleus– Involuntary (controlled unconsciously)
• Skeletal– Attach to bones to allow movement– Have multiple nuclei– Voluntary (controlled consciously)
• Cardiac– Found only in the heart– Involuntary
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Cardiovascular System
Tissue Types- Connective
- blood
- Muscle- Cardiac
- Epithelial- Covering of organs
Organs- Heart- Blood Vessels
- Arteries- Veins- Capillaries
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Cardiovascular FunctionsHeart
• Pumps blood through the blood vessels
• Has four chambers
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Cardiovascular FunctionsBlood
• Platelets– aid in clotting
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
– Fight pathogens and produce antibodies
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
– Carry oxygen
• Plasma– Fluid component
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Cardiovascular FunctionsBlood Vessels
• Arteries– Carry oxygenated (O2) blood
away from the heart
• Veins– Carry deoxygenated (CO2)
blood to the heart
• Capillaries– Tiny blood vessels that
connect arteries and veins and exchange O2/CO2 in tissues
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Lymphatic System
Tissue Types- Connective
- Blood
- Epithelial- Glands- Organ coverings
Organs- Spleen- Liver- Tonsils- Thymus- Appendix- Bone Marrow- Lymph node
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Lymphatic Functions
• Collects excess fluid, filters Collects excess fluid, filters it, and returns it to the bloodit, and returns it to the blood
• Lymph nodesLymph nodes: trap and : trap and filter pathogens and dead filter pathogens and dead cells cells
• ThymusThymus: located above the : located above the heart and releases white heart and releases white blood cellsblood cells
• SpleenSpleen: largest lymph : largest lymph node, located in abdomennode, located in abdomen
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Respiratory System
Tissue Types- Connective
- Cartilage- Bone
- Epithelial- Organ coverings
- Muscle- Skeletal
Organs- Lungs- Pharynx- Larynx- Trachea- Diaphragm
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Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
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Digestive System
Tissue Types- Muscle
- smooth- Epithelial
- Organ coverings
Organs- Mouth - Pharynx- Esophagus- Stomach- Small intestine- Large intestine (colon)- Rectum• Liver• Pancreas• Gall bladder
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Digestive System Functions
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Digestive System Functions
• Mouth- both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva) digestion occurs
• Stomach- muscular organ that churns food and mixes it with enzymes
• Small intestine- where most of the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
• Large intestine- water absorption and preparation for removal of waste
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Digestive System FunctionsAccessory Organs
• Liver- makes bile to breakdown toxins, metabolizes fats, makes cholesterol
• Pancreas- secretes enzymes to breakdown glucose
• Gallbladder- stores and secretes bile to digest fats
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Urinary System
Tissue Types- Connective- Epithelial
- Organ coverings- bladder
- Muscle- Smooth muscle
Organs- Kidneys- Ureters- Bladder- Urethra
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Urinary System Functions
• Removes waste and excretes foreign substance such as drugs (prescription and other)
• Filters blood• Forms urine
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Nervous System
Tissue Types- Nervous
Organs- Central Nervous
- Brain- Spinal Cord
- Peripheral Nervous- All extended nerves
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Nervous System Functions
• Detects changes in the body
• Makes decisions based on information it receives
• Stimulates muscles and glands
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Nervous System FunctionsThe nerve cell
• Axon sends the signal/impulse
• Dendrites receive the signal/impulse
• Synapse a space between the the axon and dendrite where impulses are transmitted
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Endocrine System
Tissue Types- Epithelial
- glands
Organs- Pituitary Gland- Thyroid Gland- Thymus- Kidneys- Adrenal Glands- Pancreas- Ovaries (female)- Testes (male)
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Endocrine System Functions
• Vital part of maintaining homeostasis
• Secretes hormones into the bloodstream
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Endocrine System FunctionsThe Glands
• Hormones- chemicals that trigger a body response
• Gland- secrete the hormone• Pituitary Gland- the “master gland” controls
all other glands• Adrenal Glands- adrenalin• Thyroid- controls metabolism• Pancreas- controls blood sugar levels• Ovaries/Testes- reproductive hormones