Download - Human communication ch 2 pp
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HUMAN COMMUNICATIONMaria Subert
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Pearson, J., Nelson, P., Titsworth, S., & Harter, L. (2013). HumanCommunication – Ch. 2
Perception:
• the process of using senses to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation.
• Perception is subjective, active and creative.
• Differences in perception are the result of past experiences and roles, psychological factors, present feelings and circumstances. (Sex is also a psychological factor.)
• Since our perception is unique, communication between and among people is complicated
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Perception
• Selective perception: the tendency that you want to see, hear, and believe what you want to see, hear, believe and not what you dislike.
• Selective retention: the tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs than those that oppose them.
• Perceptual constancy: your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change.
• We can overcome perceptional differences that are based on cultural differences by rejecting stereotypes and prejudice.
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The Gestalt Principles
• Gestalt is a psychology term which means "unified whole".
• It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s.
• These theories attempt to describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied.
• These principles are: similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, and
figure and ground.
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similarity
• Similarity occurs when objects look similar to one another. People often perceive them as a group or pattern.
• The example here contains 11 distinct objects but appears as as single unit because all of the shapes have similarity.
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anomaly
• When similarity occurs, an object can be emphasized if it is dissimilar to the others. This is called anomaly.
• The figure on the far right becomes a focal point because it is dissimilar to the other shapes.
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Continuation
• Continuation: when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object. The smooth flowing crossbar of the "H" leads the eye directly to the maple leaf.
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Closure
• Closure occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed. If enough of the shape is indicated, people perceive the whole by filling in the missing information.
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Proximity
• Proximity occurs when elements are placed close together. We tend to perceive the first 9 squares as a group, while we perceive the second as separate shapes. (Source:http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/tutorials/process/gestaltprinciples/gestaltprinc.htm)
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Figure and ground
Figure is the focal point of your
attention.
Ground is the background against which your focused attention occurs.
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More on perception
• Interpretive perception: a blend of internal states and external stimuli
• Errors in interpretation: stereotyping, prejudice and first impression
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Important definitions
• Stereotyping: hasty generalization about a group based on a judgment about an individual from that group
• Prejudice refers to an unfavorable predisposition about an individual because of his/her membership in a stereotyped group
• First impression: an initial opinion about people upon meeting that person based on their appearance
• Negative first impression may persist even after receiving contradictory information about the person.
• Perceptual checking: a process of describing, interpreting, verifying that help us to understand an other person
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Symbolic Interactionalism
• Formulated by Blumer (1969): the process of interaction in the formation of meanings for individuals.
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Identity management
• Identity management: we control the communication of information through a performance, in which people try to represent an idealized version of themselves to reach desired ends. Think of the photographs your post on the Facebook.