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Broadening Access to Statistical Data Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfacesby Improving User Interfaces
Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction LaboratoryFounding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Professor, Department of Computer ScienceProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchSystems Research
University of Maryland, College ParkUniversity of Maryland, College Park([email protected])([email protected])
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Scientific ApproachScientific Approach (beyond user friendly)(beyond user friendly)
Specify users and tasksSpecify users and tasks Predict and measure (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing)Predict and measure (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing)
time to learntime to learn speed of performancespeed of performance rate of human errorsrate of human errors human retention over timehuman retention over time
Assess subjective satisfactionAssess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
Accommodate individual differencesAccommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural contextConsider social, organizational & cultural context
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Design IssuesDesign Issues Input devices & strategies
Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands
Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help
Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com
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Library of CongressLibrary of Congress
Scholars, Journalists, CitizensScholars, Journalists, Citizens
Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students
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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
DoctorsDoctors
SurgeonsSurgeons
ResearchersResearchers
StudentsStudents
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NASA Environmental DataNASA Environmental Data
ScientistsScientists
FarmersFarmers
Land plannersLand planners
StudentsStudents
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LifeLines
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Children as Our Design PartnersChildren as Our Design Partners
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Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs)Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs)
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Bureau of CensusBureau of Census
Economists, Policy Economists, Policy makers, Journalistsmakers, Journalists
Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students
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Snap-Together VisualizationSnap-Together Visualization Allow
coordination designers to create novel layouts that combine existing visualizations
Allow users to navigate large datasets conveniently
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Census Statistics with MapsCensus Statistics with Maps
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Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industryTreemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
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Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions: Raise user expectations Conduct research Provide practical tools & methods
Universal Usability Universal Usability
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Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions: Raise user expectations Conduct research Provide practical tools & methods
Skeptics corner - Dumbing down - Lowest common denominator
Universal Usability Universal Usability
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ACM Code of EthicsACM Code of EthicsIn a fair society, all individuals would
have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.
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Internet Use by Education - 1998Internet Use by Education - 1998 Percent of U.S. Households Using the InternetPercent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas
Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov
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Internet Use by Income - 1998Internet Use by Income - 1998 Percent of U.S. Households Using the InternetPercent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas
Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide
www.ntia.doc.gov
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Technology variety:Technology variety: Support broad range of Support broad range of hardware, software, and network accesshardware, software, and network access
1 to 100 range in processor speeds
286 486 Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes
Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms
Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,...
1 to 100 range in network bandwidth
9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps
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Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing...Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful
User diversityUser diversity: Accommodate different users: Accommodate different users
Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert
Age Young to oldGender Male or FemaleIncome Impoverished to wealthy
Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitiveDisabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight
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Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities
Gaps in User Knowledge - StrategiesGaps in User Knowledge - StrategiesBridge the gap between what users know and
what they need to know
Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training
Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist
Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active
Customer service Email Phone Help desks
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ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC November 16-17, 2000 www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
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Broadening Access to Census DataBroadening Access to Census Data Dynamaps
Speeds exploration of geographic data Facilitates comparisons & visibility of extremes
Query Previews Speeds exploration of statistical data Facilitates study of distributions of data
Table browser Speeds exploration of tabular data Facilitates understanding of data patterns
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DynamapDynamap
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DynamapDynamap
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DynamapDynamap
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Broadening Access to Census DataBroadening Access to Census Data Dynamaps
Speeds exploration of geographic data Facilitates comparisons & visibility of extremes
Query Previews Speeds exploration of statistical data Facilitates study of distributions of data
Table browser Speeds exploration of tabular data Facilitates understanding of data patterns
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Problems with Browsing Large Online TablesProblems with Browsing Large Online Tables
e.g. 1997 US Economic Census Data, for Counties:more than 3000 Tuples
Hard to see overview, gaps, and clusters or find answers to questions without many zero or mega hit queries and large unnecessary downloads
Universal Relation >> 1000 Tuples
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ConclusionsConclusions
Visual presentation of dataVisual presentation of data Visual manipulation of dataVisual manipulation of data Continuous immediate feedback on actionsContinuous immediate feedback on actions Easily reversible actionsEasily reversible actions Error prevention instead of error correctionError prevention instead of error correction Better network performance:Better network performance:
No zero/mega hit queriesNo zero/mega hit queries Loading only the metadata prior to query submissionLoading only the metadata prior to query submission
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Broadening Access to Census DataBroadening Access to Census Data Dynamaps
Speeds exploration of geographic data Facilitates comparisons & visibility of extremes
Query Previews Speeds exploration of statistical data Facilitates study of distributions of data
Table browser Speeds exploration of tabular data Facilitates understanding of data patterns
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Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson
I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings.
-- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808
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ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC November 16-17, 2000 www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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ReferencesReferences Hert, C.A. (1999). Federal Statistical Website Users And Their Tasks: Investigations Of AvenuesTo Facilitate
Access: Final Report to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at: http://istweb.syr.edu/~hert/BLSphase3.PDF
Hert, C.A. (1998). FedStats Users and Their Tasks: Providing Support and Learning Tools: Final Report to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at: http://istweb.syr.edu/~hert/BLSphase2.html
Haas, S.W. and Hert, C.A. (2000). Terminology Development and Organization in Multi-Community
Environments: The Case of Statistical Information. In Soergel, D. (ed.) Proc. 11th ASIS&T SIG/CR Classification Research Workshop. Chicago, IL, November 12, 2000, p. 51-72
Hert, C.A. and Marchionini, G. (1997). Seeking Statistical Information in Federal Websites: Users, Tasks, Strategies, and Design Recommendations: Final Report to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://ils.unc.edu/~march/blsreport/mainbls.html
Marchionini, G. (1998) Advanced Interface Designs for the BLS Website: Final Report to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. http://ils.unc.edu/~march/blsreport98/final_report.html
Marchionini, G. (1999). An Alternative Site Map Tool for The FedStats Statistical Website. http://ils.unc.edu/~march/bls_final_report99.pdf
Marchionini, G. (2000). From Overviews to Previews to Answers: Integrated Interfaces for Federal Statistics Report to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 30, 2000 http://ils.unc.edu/~march/bls_final_report_99-00.pdf