Download - HUMAN RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT Two systems to be studied: 1.Nervous system 2.Endocrine system
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HUMAN RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENTTwo systems to be studied:
1.Nervous system2.Endocrine system
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Introduction• To survive all organisms have to react to
changes in their external and internal environment
• External environment: Environment outside the body for example of factors that might change are temperature, light, etc in their natural environment or habitat.
• Internal environment: Environment inside the body e.g. concentration of CO2, O2, H2O around cells/tissues/organs inside the body.
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Introduction (cont.)• Human response to these changes in the
environment occurs to maintain stability/balance within the organism.
• Organisms sense changes in the environment as a stimulus.
• These impulses are send to the brain which interpret the information and sends a different message back to the part of the body telling it how to react.
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Homeostasis • The body works hard to keep its internal
environment as constant as possible. • All the organs and systems of the body work
together to create this stable internal condition. • The process of maintaining a constant cell
environment in the body is called homeostasis.• The endocrine and nervous systems, as our co-ordinating systems, play a very important part in regulating homeostasis. • Examples: Blood pressure, glucose levels in the
blood, ect.
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Human Nervous system - What to learn:
• Structure of 3 types of neurons, nerve bundles, transmission of an impulse (Making of drawings)
• CNS, Peripheral, Autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic), disorders
• Difference between reflex arc and reflex action• Structure (making of drawings) and functioning
of a simple arc, Significance of a reflex arc • Sense organs (Ear and Eye) - Drawings
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Co-ordination in Humans
Nervous co-ordination Chemical co-ordination
Central nervous system
Peripheral and autonomic
nervous systems
Sense receptors
and organs
Endocrine system
Feedback mechanisms
Over- & under-
secretion
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Human nervous system – is a complex system
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Cross-section of the human brain showing the different parts
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Functions of certain parts of the brain
Cerebellum• Co-ordinates movements of your voluntary
muscles• Maintains your balance by controlling muscle tension
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Functions of certain parts of the brain
Hypothalamus• Controls your blood pressure• Controls your body temperature• Regulates your levels of thirst and hunger• Regulates emotions such as anger and
pleasure• Regulates your sleep patterns
(Control centre for homeostasis)
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Functions of certain parts of the brain
Cerebrum • Controls all voluntary muscle actions • Receives and interpret sensations of sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch and speech• Responsible for higher thought processes such as memory, reasoning, judgement and intelligence• Responsible for behaviour and emotions
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Functions of certain parts of the brain
Medulla oblongata (same structure as the spinal cord)
• Controls important involuntary actions such as heartbeat and breathing• Enables each half of your brain to control the opposite side of your body• Transmit nerve impulses between the spinal cord and the brain
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Functions of certain parts of the brainSpinal cord • Links the brain with all the organs of the body (except those in the head & neck)• Carries sensory information to the brain for interpretation• Carriers then motor information from the brain to the effectors (muscles and glands)• It’s a centre for the reflex action, which enables the body to respond very quickly to harmful stimuli using the reflex arc
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A typical nerve cell – A NEURON
Dendrites
Cell membrane
Cell body
Nissl body
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Portion of axon cut out to show great length
Motor end-plates in effector muscle
Structure of a multipolar neuron (motor neuron)
Nucleus of Schwann cell
Schwann cell
Impulse direction
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NERVE BUNDLE
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Reflex Arch
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Reflex Arch
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REFLEX ARC
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SPINAL CORD
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DISORDERS
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DISORDERS
INJURED NERVE AGING BRAIN
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LEARNER ACTIVITIES• Label brain, spinal cord and neuron diagrams• Practical using sheep brain, slides• Table of parts and function of all the above• Describe reflex action using a diagram as a
guide and give significance• Group work : effect of drugs on CNS-
presentation• Write short notes on Alzheimer’s Disease and
Attention Deficit Disorder
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EYE
• Structure of eye and function of parts.- 1 lesson
• Formation of an image ,Binocular vision -1 lesson
• Accomodation-,Pupillary mechanism -1 lesson• Disorders – homework – 1 lesson
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LEARNER ACTIVITIES• PRACTICAL – demonstrate blind spot, dissect
eye of sheep, pig etc• Label diagram of human eye.• List functions of parts of eye• Using diagrams describe in writing formation
of an image,accomodation, binocular vision,pupillary mechanism
• Homework- notes on long and short sightedness, astigmatism,cataracts
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EAR
• Structure and functions of parts of ear,adaptations of parts of ear – 1 lesson
• Hearing and balance – 1 lesson• Hearing defects(infections and deafness)-1
lesson• Link deafness and speech disorders,Sign
language,Attitudes to deaf and blind,Rights of deaf and blind – 1 lesson
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LEARNER ACTIVITIES
• Label diagram of ear• Write notes on adaptions of parts of an
ear(homework and feedback)• Describe hearing and balance functioning of
ear in writing ( open book after explanation by teacher)
• Cause and treatment of disorders – homework• Discussion on attitudes,sign language,rights of
blind and deaf
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DIAGRAMS OF EAR
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INNER EAR
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FAR SIGHTEDNESS
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HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM• Definition of chemical
coordination,differences between endo and axo crine glands,characteristics of hormones (30 minutes)
• Location and functions of hormones,negative feedback ( 1.5 lessons)
• Disorders: diabetes,hypo/hyper thyroidism,growth disorders, infertility (homework/feedback – 1 lesson)
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HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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GLANDS
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GLANDS
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GLANDS
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GONADS
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLANDS/ORGANS
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REGULATION BETWEEN NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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ASSESSMENT DIAGRAMS
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DISORDERS
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TYPE 1 DIABETES
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INSULIN PRODUCTION AND DIABETES
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MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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PITUITARY & OVARIAN HORMONES
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REGULATION BETWEEN NERVOUS &ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
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SWEAT GLANDS
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HORMONE ACTIONSTIMULATES SWEAT GLANDS
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Sweat glands
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VASODILATION AND VASOCONSTRICTION
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PALM SWEATING
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VASODILATION AND VASOCONSTRICTION
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GRAPH FOR ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH FOR ASSESSMENT
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HOMEOSTASIS
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK –COLD EXPOSURE