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Humans and the EnvironmentChapter 22
Table of Contents
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Objectives
• Explain the importance of the study of environmental science.
• Describe Earth’s major layers.
• Explain the natural functions of the ozone layer and greenhouse effect.
• Summarize the ways in which biologists measure biodiversity.
• Discuss the value of biodiversity.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Earth’s Layers
• Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways.
• Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth where life exists.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
• Atmosphere– Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse
gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
• Climate and Atmosphere– The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is
called the greenhouse effect.
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Chapter 22
The Greenhouse Effect
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
• Hydrosphere– A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh
water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
• Geosphere– The geosphere exchanges materials with the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
• Biosphere– The biosphere includes all parts of Earth where
life exists.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Biodiversity
• Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Biodiversity, continued
• Measuring Biodiversity– Biodiversity can be measured in different ways,
including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.
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Section 1 An Interconnected PlanetChapter 22
Biodiversity, continued
• Valuing Biodiversity– Biodiversity is valued for various reasons.
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Objectives• Describe major consequences of air pollution.
• Relate air pollution to effects on global climate.
• Describe how chemical pollutants may undergo the process of biological magnification.
• Identify the primary causes of modern extinctions.
• Explain why extinctions and ecosystem disruption are of concern to humans.
• Relate human resource use to its impacts on ecosystems.
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Pollution
• Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species.
• Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Pollution, continued
• Ozone Thinning– Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer.
– Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.
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Chapter 22
Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica
Section 2 Environmental Issues
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Chapter 22
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Ozone and Ecosystems
Section 2 Environmental Issues
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Pollution, continued
• Global Warming
– The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause-and-effect relationship.
– Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.
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Chapter 22
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Global Warming
Section 2 Environmental Issues
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Pollution, continued
• Acid Precipitation– Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation,
which harms or kills many organisms.
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Pollution, continued
• Land and Water Pollution– The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into
the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.
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Chapter 22
Biological Magnification of DDT
Section 2 Environmental Issues
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Chapter 22
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Biological Magnification of Toxins
Section 2 Environmental Issues
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Ecosystem Disruption, continued
• Extinction– Human impacts on the environment are causing
an increasing number of extinctions. – Important causes of extinctions are habitat
destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting.
– This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Ecosystem Disruption, continued
• Ecosystem Imbalances– Species such as the sea otter that affect many
other species in a community are called keystone species.
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Section 2 Environmental IssuesChapter 22
Human Resource Use
• Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable.
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Chapter 22
World Population Growth Patterns
Section 2 Environmental Issues
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Objectives
• State the goals of conservation and restoration biology.
• Describe examples of efforts to protect species and their habitats.
• Summarize international strategies for protecting entire ecosystems.
• Discuss the roles of governments and laws in addressing environmental problems.
• List several things that individuals can do to help solve environmental problems.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology
• Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
• Species and Habitats– A bioindicator is a species that is especially
sensitive to ecological change.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
• Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane– Populations of many migratory birds, such as the
whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities.
– However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Protecting Ecosystems
• Biodiversity Hotspots– International and cooperative efforts to preserve
habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Governments and Laws
• Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Private Efforts and Cooperation
• Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Conservation Case Study: The Everglades
• The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States.
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Section 3 Environmental SolutionsChapter 22
Your Role in the Environment
• No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate.
• Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role.
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Chapter 22
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Conservation
Section 3 Environmental Solutions