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Humidity and Condensation
After completing this section, students will compare the physical characteristics of the three states of water
(Standard PI – 053)
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After completing this section students will:
• Compare the physical characteristics of the three states of water (PI Standard – 053)
• Explain the formation of the different types of clouds and the type of weather associated with those clouds (PI Standard – 055)
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Molecules of water are moving through the air
around us
This water vapor strongly affects the weather
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Water is unique. It is the only substance that exists
commonly in all three states
The state of matter depends on the temperature of water
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Water is in solid state at temperatures of zero degrees
Celsius or below
It can occur as ice, snow, sleet or ice crystals
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Water is in liquid state between zero degrees and
100 degrees Celsius
It occurs as cloud droplets or rain
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Water occurs as a gas at 100 degrees Celsius or above, as
water vapor
It occurs as clouds and steam
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Water changes state in the atmosphere when it absorbs
or gives off heat
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Condensation is the change from water vapor (gas) to a
liquid
Condensation can form fog, dew and clouds
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Evaporation is when a liquid changes into a gas (water
vapor)
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Humidity
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The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere varies
The actual amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at a given time and place is
called specific humidity
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The amount of water in the air depends on temperature
The warmer the air, the more water vapor it can hold
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Relative humidity compares the actual amount of water in the air to
how much it can hold at a given temperature
Measured with a psychrometer and written as a percentage
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Condensation occurs when the air temperature cools past
the point of saturation
Dew point – the temperature at which saturation occurs
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For condensation to occur, two conditions are necessary
• There must be material for water vapor to condense onto (condensation nuclei)
• The air must cool below its dew point
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When condensation occurs, dew or frost can form
Dew occurs when the air temperature is above freezing, frost occurs below zero
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Radiation fog occurs when the ground loses heat rapidly and
cools the air above it
Occurs near rivers and lakes and usually occur in late fall and winter
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Advection fog occurs when warm moist air moves over a
cool surface
Usually thickest in early morning and ‘burns off’ in the late morning