Download - Hybrid Cars MNK
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M. Naveen Kumar
Roll No: 08311A0237
Electrical & Electronics EngineeringSreenidhi institute of Science & Technology
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WHAT IS A HYBRID ELECTRIC vehicle
Any vehicle which combines two sources of power.
Gasoline-Electric hybrid vehicle is the hybrid vehiclenow in use.
The combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE)
with one or more electric motor/generators and a
battery pack.
An HEV uses less gasoline because the electric motor
does some of the work.
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Why hybrids?y Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).
y Emissions are greatly decreased.
y Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
y Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
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EVOLUTION OF HYBRIDy The first hybrid electric vehicle was engineered byFerdinand Porsche in 1928.since then no such vehiclescan put into production until the 20th century .
y Hybrid technology has been in use on railroad eversince 1930s, when the locomotives on earlystreamliners ran on gasoline-electric and diesel-electric systems at greater efficiencies than the stream
engines of the days.yAutomotive hybrid technology became commercially
successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight andToyota Prius became available.
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HEV MODEL
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HEV COMPONENTSy Gasoline engine
The hybrid vehicle has a gasoline engine much like
the most vehicles. However, the engine on a hybrid issmaller and uses advanced technologies to reduceemissions and increase efficiency.
y Fuel tank
The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storagedevice for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a muchhigher energy density than batteries . It takes about 1,000
pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7pounds) of gasoline.
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Electric motor
The electric motor on a hybrid vehicle is verysophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as
well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw
energy from the batteries to accelerate the vehicle. But acting
as a generator, it can slow the vehicle down and return energyto the batteries.
Generator
The generator is similar to an electric motor,
but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on
series hybrids.
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Batteries
The batteries in a hybrid vehicle are the energystorage device for the electric motor. The electric motor on a
hybrid vehicle can put energy into the batteries as well as draw
energy from them.
Transmission
The transmission on a hybrid vehicle
performs the same basic function as the transmission on a
conventional vehicle.
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PARALLEL STRUCTUREy Both gasoline and electric systems are connected to
the transmission system.
y Both systems are coupled to a transmission systemwhich in turn rotates the wheels.
y Both gasoline and electric systems are connected
independently to the transmission system.
y Fuel tank supplies petrol to engine.
y Batteries supply power to electric motor.
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SERIES STRUCTURE
y Indirectly powers the vehicle.
y Gasoline engine turns the electric generator.
y Generator either charges the batteries or runs an
electric motor.
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PERFORMANCEConventional vehicle Hybrid vehicle
y Require relatively big engine.
y Manufactured to handle anydriving situation.
y Efficiency is less due to its
large size.
y No additional system is present.
y Mileage is lower due to big
engine and large components.
y Size of engine is small.
y
Engine is powerful enough todrive on freeway.
y More efficient due to small size& operating close to maximumload.
y
Additional help is provided byelectrical system to quickacceleration.
y High mileage due to small sizeof engine.
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HEV EfficiencyThree key factors:
Regenerative braking
Engine size Vehicle weight & aerodynamic design
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HEV Efficiency(contd)Engine size = may be smaller than in a conventional vehicle
Engine is sized to accommodate average loadnotpeak
load
Vehicle weight/aerodynamic design:
Built using special lightweight materials
Uses advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag
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Advanced Technologies
Regenerative Braking
Electric Motor Drive/Assist
Automatic Start/ ShutOff
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Regenerative BrakingRecaptures kinetic energy normally lost as heat
during braking
Kinetic energy = energy of motionElectric motor acts as a generator when brakes
applied
Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy, stored in
batteries
It becomespotential energy available for use
No system is 100% efficient
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Electric Motor Drive/AssistAdditional Power to assist engine Accelerating, Passing
and Hill Climbing.
So, allows Smaller and More Efficient Engine to be Used.
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Automatic Start/Shutoff
Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle
comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator ispressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.
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Hybrid ReliabilityHybrids have some of the highest safety ratings of all
vehicles
High-voltage system contains many safety features
Battery charge is computer controlled extends
battery life
Batteries under warranty for 100,000 miles, is your
engine??????
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Hybrid Reliability(contd)
The cost of maintenance is reduced due to operation of
hybrid technology
Regenerative braking reduces wear on brakes
Idle stop extends engine life
Electric accessories reduce load on
engine
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Advantages: Reduced fuel consumption
Excellent gas mileage
Fewer tailpipe emissions
Lighter batteries than electric vehicles
Regenerative braking system stores electrical energy inBatteries
Uses less fuel to recharge batteries.
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Disadvantages: Reduced, but not emission-free
HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) they produce zero emissions only when engine is notrunning
More expensive than conventional Vehicles
Has a payback period in average use.
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Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
Honda Accord Hybrid
HondaCivic Hybrid
Ford Escape HybridGMC Silverado Hybrid
GMC Sierra Hybrid
Toyota PriusToyota Highlander Hybrid
Lexus 400h
Current Models of HEVs
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ConclusionUsing the concept of Hybridization of vehicles
results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel
in todays fuel deficit world. It is indeed an importantresearch avenue for other vehicle manufacturing units as
well. A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some
extent. If proper research and development is done in
this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient,
low pollution vehicle for the coming era.