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HybridizationHybridizationPolarityPolarity
Intermolecular ForcesIntermolecular Forces
SCH4U
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• Theoretical process involving the mixing of atomic orbitals to create a new set of orbitals that take part in covalent bonding
• Mainly useful for describing the shapes of organic compounds
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…helps to explain the molecular shape of CH4
•CH4 is tetrahedral•Bond angle is 109.5o
•WHY?•Answer: Hybridization of carbon's s and p orbitals
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Electron Configuration in Carbon
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CH4 – hybridization of Carbon
2s orbital + 3 2p orbitals → 4 hybridised sp3 orbitals
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sp3 hybridization
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Case of H2O Molecule
• H2O is also tetrahedral • sp3 hybridization• Angle less then 109.5 because
lone the two non-bonding pairs remain closer to the oxygen atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. The result is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in which the H—O—H angle is 104.5°
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Polarity of Molecules
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Using dipole moment vectors
Since there is a resultant dipole vector, the molecule is POLAR
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Non-polar molecules
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Polar Molecules
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Test your skill…
• Polar or non-polar? Draw the structure, determine shape and use dipole vectors to determine polarity:
• CHCl3 (chloromethane)
• SO3
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Answers:
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Intermolecular Forces
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H-bonding