HypertensionHypertension
By: Kenneth Hall andBy: Kenneth Hall and
Matt McCallumMatt McCallum
What is it?What is it?
• Hypertension is frequently referred to as "high blood pressure” in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated.
• It is defined as consistent elevation of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure at rest.
• Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
• Normal blood pressureSystolic <140 mm HgDiastolic <90 mm Hg
• Pre Hypertensive Systolic 130-139 mm HgDiastolic 85-89 mm Hg
• Stage 1 Hypertension Systolic 140-159 mm HgDiastolic 90-99 mm Hg
• Stage 2 Hypertension Systolic >159 mm HgDiastolic >99 mm Hg
• Malignant Systolic >200 mm HgDiastolic >120 mm Hg
Types of HypertensionTypes of Hypertension
• There are two classifications, essential (primary) and secondary
• Essential hypertension is when there is no specific medical cause to explain the patient's condition.
• Secondary hypertension is when the high blood pressure is due to another condition, such as kidney disease or an adrenal tumour.
Heart of hypertensive personHeart of hypertensive person
SymptomsSymptoms
• Most of the time, there are no symptoms, but if there are, they include both early and advanced symptoms.
Early SymptomsEarly Symptoms
• Blurred Vision
• Lightheadedness
• Fainting
• Headaches
• Nose bleeds
Advanced SymptomsAdvanced Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
• Decreased exercise tolerance
• Chest pain
• Heart Attack
• Retinal bleeding
TestingTesting
• The main test for hypertension is blood pressure measurement
• Other tests include:Chem 20EchocardiogramUrinalysisX-ray of the kidneys
TreatmentTreatment
• The main goal in treating hypertension is to reduce blood pressure, to prevent further complications.
• This is done by making lifestyle changes and by medications.
Lifestyle ChangesLifestyle Changes
• Decreased sodium in the diet
• Decreased saturated fats, and no saturated fats
• Decreased daily calories
• Weight loss
• Increased exercise
MedicationsMedications
• ACE Inhibitors: enalapril, ramipril
• Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blockers: losartan
• Calcium Channel Blockers: nifedipine
• Diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide
• Beta Adrenergic Blockers: atenolol, metoprolol
• Vasodilators
QuestionsQuestions
• Why do you think hypertension is increasing and affecting more and more people as time goes on?
• What can we do to avoid/decrease hypertension as an individual and in society in general?
ReferencesReferences
• Anatomy and Physiology.2nd Edition.Elaine N. Marieb
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension#Genetics
• www.medicinenet.com