![Page 1: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
I. Darwin
A. Original ideas:
1. Species are fixed/permanent
2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old
and relatively unchanging
![Page 2: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
B. Early Scientists1. Suggested Earth might be a lot older than a few
thousand years by looking at specific fossils &
certain living animals were similar but not exactly
alike
![Page 3: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• 180 million years ago, Pangaea split in 2 land masses
• India collided with Eurasia just 40–50 million years ago, forming the Himalaya mountain range.
• The continents continue to drift today.
![Page 4: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
B. Scientists
2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (mid-1800s)
a. Proposed that life evolves/changes
b. Proposed that by using or not using a
body part, an organism develops certain
acquired characteristics- **thought these
could be passed on to offspring**
c. “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”
![Page 5: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lamarck’s Giraffe
![Page 6: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
C. Charles Darwin1. Mission:
to study the geology, plants, animals he encountered
on his voyage for 5 years
2. Ship was the H.M.S. Beagle
3. Focused on the Galapagos
Islands
![Page 7: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4. Observations:
a. too many organisms are
produced
b. organisms vary
c. organisms struggle to
survive (fight for food,
mate, habitat, etc.)
d. the fittest for the environment survive
e. the fittest get to reproduce and pass on their
genetic traits
![Page 10: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
C. Charles Darwin3. Main Points:
A. Descent with modification-
organisms over long amount of time
will accumulate different
modifications to survive in
environment
B. Theory of Natural Selection individuals with inherited characteristics
well-suited for their environment survive to leave
more offspring on average than other individuals; “Survival of the fittest”
![Page 11: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Descent with Modification
Survival of the fittest
![Page 12: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
D. Alfred Wallace (1858)
Came to same conclusion as Charles Darwin, sent Darwin his manuscript.
Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species, in 1859.
Why didn’t he publish sooner?
![Page 13: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Honey BadgerWHAT DOES IT MEAN “THE FITTEST”?
![Page 14: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Butterfly
![Page 15: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sea Slug Glaucus atlanticus
![Page 16: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nudibranchs
![Page 17: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Red Squirrel
![Page 18: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dogs vs. Wolves
![Page 19: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Water Bears
![Page 20: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Venezuelan Pitcher Plant
![Page 21: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hemeroplanes triptolemus
moth
![Page 22: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Glasswing Butterfly
![Page 23: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Camel
![Page 24: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
II. Evolution
Define “evolution”: gradual changes that have transformed
life over an immense period of time
![Page 25: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A. Evidence of Evolution
1. Fossil record
2. Geographic Distribution- continental drift
3. Similarities in structures
4. Similarities in development
5. Molecular biology- DNA, proteins
![Page 26: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
B. Fossil Record1. A fossil is preserved remains or markings left
by organisms that lived in the past
2. Fossils are cast in sedimentary rock
![Page 27: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Imprint
![Page 28: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mineralized
![Page 29: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Frozen
![Page 30: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Amber
![Page 31: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cast
![Page 32: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
C. Geographic Isolation
1. Traits of organisms are directly linked to the
geography and environmental conditions of
an area
![Page 33: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
D. Homologous Structures
1. Homologous Structures: different organisms that have similar bone structure
2.
![Page 36: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
E. Analogous Structures
1. Define: features of different species that are similar in
function but not in structure- are not derived from a
common ancestor, but evolved in response to similar
environmental challenge.
![Page 37: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Examples2. Example: Insects and birds both have wings to fly, although their wing structure is very different structure. The fat-insulated, streamline shapes of seals (mammals) and of penguins (birds) is another example.
![Page 38: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
F. Vestigial Structures1. Vestigial Structures- remnants of structures that may have had important functions in an ancestral species but have no function currently
![Page 39: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
G. Similarities in Development
1. Embryos of closely related organisms
have similar stages in development
![Page 40: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
H. Molecular Biology1. Similar DNA suggests an evolutionary relationship
![Page 42: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
III. OTHER CONCEPTS IN EVOLUTION
A. Antibiotic- and Pesticide-Resistance
1. Antibiotic- medicine that kills/slows the
growth of bacteria
2. Some bacteria with natural resistance will
not be killed off by the antibiotics and can
re-grow a resistant population quickly
![Page 44: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
3. When pesticides are used, some insects will already have a natural resistance and survive the spraying, then reproduce more insects that inherit the resistance genes. Eventually the same pesticides will not have the same effect as before.
![Page 45: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
B. Artificial Selection1. Define: selective breeding
of domesticated plants
and animals to produce
offspring with genetic
traits that humans value
![Page 46: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
IV. Types of EvolutionA. Divergent Evolution: organisms that very
similar evolve to become very different
![Page 47: I. Darwin A. Original ideas: 1. Species are fixed/permanent 2. Earth is less than 10,000 years old and relatively unchanging](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ea05503460f94ba2e0c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
B. Convergent evolution:
when unrelated organisms evolve similar
adaptations because of similar environment
Ex: sharks and dolphins share analogous body plans, yet have different ancestral backgrounds
(fish versus mammal)