IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response
Module L-055Module L-055
Radiological Data for Exercises
LectureLecture
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 2
Objectives
• Know what radiological data is needed
• Know how radiological data can be generated and the tools that can be used
• Know the limitation of those tools
• Understand the pros and cons of using real weather during an exercise
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 3
Why is Radiological Data Important?
• Because radiological data drives the exercise
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 4
Type of Radiological Data
• In-facility• Ambient radiation
• Contamination
• Air concentrations
• Environmental• Ambient radiation
• Contamination
• Air concentrations
• Isotopic data
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 5
Type of Radiological Data (Cont’d)
• At the off-site traffic control points• Ambient radiation
• Contamination (vehicles and people)
• At the reception centre or hospital• Contamination (vehicles and people)
• Casualties• Contamination
• Dosimeter readings
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 6
Producing Radiological Data (1)
• In-facility data:• Simulator
• Safety analysis
• Shielding models
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 7
Producing Radiological Data (2)
• Environmental data• Source term from safety analysis• Customize the release fractions, rate of release
and release profile in time to fit the emergency scenario
• Use dose projection software to generate doses vs. distance and time
• Some software has time-dependent source terms, variable winds, and provides measurable quantities such as dose rates and airborne concentration at any given time
• Most do not
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 8
Producing Radiological Data (3)
• Environmental data (cont’d)• If the release profile is known, dose projections
can be converted to dose rates, instantaneous airborne concentrations, ground shine and ground contamination
• Dose rates and airborne concentrations can be converted to instrument readings• Using instrument specifications and sampling
procedures as guides
• Random elements introduced in the software
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 9
Producing Radiological Data (4)
• People and vehicle contamination• Use arbitrary values
• Requires some judgement• Contamination level depends on location and duration
of stay or travel
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 10
Producing Radiological Data (5)
• Dosimetry• Most difficult values to simulate
• Depends on type location profile of each individual
• Can be simulated to cause key events• e.g. Report of a dose greater than 5 mSv to force staff
rotation
• For free play, integrate based on dose rate data
• If dose control is a major objective, have an individual or a team dedicated to the simulation of dose readings
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 11
How to Present Radiological Data (1)
• In-station radiological data:• Colour-coded layout of the station
• Discrete time intervals
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 12
Secondary control
equipment room
Personnel
Airlock
Spent fuel bay
Cooling and
purification
Deuteration and
dedeuteration
Emergency corecooling pumps
Active
stores
Zone 3
MM shop
Liquid waste
Reactor building
Cable access
tunnel
Spent resin
storage tanks
D2O Management
D2O
Supply
tanks
200mSv/h < DR
100mSv/h < DR < 200mSv/h
50mSv/h < DR < 100mSv/h
10mSv/h < DR < 50mSv/h
5mSv/h < DR < 10mSv/h
DR < 1mSv/h
1mSv/h < DR < 5 mSv/h
Moderator
purification
Dryers
Shield
cooling
SCINTREX tritium
How to Present Radiological Data (2)
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 13
How to Present Radiological Data (3)
• Environmental data• There are several ways. Two are presented
as examples• Method 1: one map of relevant data for each
time interval• Method 2: single map of integrated plume
trajectory coupled with time-dependent tables
• Colour codes can be used but may be difficult to reproduce
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 14
Map (1)
1 33 46 49 51
LittleDipperHarbour
58
63
Pt Lepreau NGS
Dipper Harbour
2 km
4 km
6 km
8 km
10 km
100101
102
103
104105
106107 108
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 15
Table (2) Dose (micro Sv/h) vs time
Reference 6:30 6:35 6:40 6:45 6:50 6:55 7:00 7:05 7:10 7:15 7:20 7:25 7:30
Zone #1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Zone #2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2
Zone #3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2
Pole #46 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #49 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #51 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #58 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #63 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #100 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Pole #101 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1
Pole #102 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #103 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Pole #104 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1
Pole #105 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Pole #106 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2
Pole #107 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pole #108 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
South Musquash 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 16
Real-time software
• Some programs allow real-time simulation of dose rate and contamination data
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 17
How to Present Radiological Data (4)
• Contamination data:• At fixed points: table of values vs. time
• Large areas: maps or layouts for each major time interval
• Persons and vehicles: pictures
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 18
Contamination Data
1 0 - 1 5 c p s
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 19
Contamination Data (Cont’d)
20 - 25 cps
15 - 20 cps
10 - 15 cps
5 - 10 cps
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 20
Contamination Data (Cont’d)Figure 1: Actual surface contam ination
Cs-137 contam ination. The location of the Co-60 source is shown in red.
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 21
How to Present Radiological Data (5)
• Isotopic data:• Reverse-engineered to fit the dispersion and
dose projection results
• Provide isotopic concentration tables or spectrum
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 22
How To Read The Data
• Provide the data when requested and when deserved
• Avoid showing time dependent graphs all at once
• If you make a mistake, admit it and provide the right number
• All field controllers who are responsible for supplying radiological data must be well trained on how to provide that data
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 23
Limitations of Tools
• Not always realistic
• Some judgment and interpretation by the controllers necessary
• Difficult to account for wind variability
• However, these limitations are not significant given that the aim is to exercise the relationship between surveys and decision-making
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 24
Real or Simulated Weather?
• Simulated weather• Easier to produce the radiological data• Easier to control the exercise• Introduces artificiality
• Real weather• Better test of the coordination between weather and
survey teams• More realistic• Cannot pre-set the radiological survey injects• Requires calculations “on the fly”• Requires an extremely good coordination within the
control team
L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 25
Summary
• Radiological data is the core of the exercise data
• Several parameters required, although not all of them may be necessary for a single exercise
• The development of radiological data requires extensive analysis work
• The provision of radiological data requires experienced and trained controllers
• Real weather is better than simulated, but much more difficult to manage