I. AtomsA. Subatomic Particles
• Protons (+) in nucleus• Neutrons (0) in nucleus• Electrons (-) in orbitals energy
levels• 1st- 2electrons 2nd- 8 electrons• 3rd orbital 8 or 18 electrons
B. Atomic number – number of protonsC. Atomic mass – protons & neutronsD. Isotopes – same element w/
different number of neutronsE. Chemical properties – reactivity, F. Physical properties – descriptive
solid shape color
G. Elements1. C H O N Na Cl S Mg K Ca Fe P2. Periodic table
• 6 – atomic number = # of protons• C – element symbol• 12 – atomic mass = # of protons
+ # of neutronsII. Chemical Compounds – 2 or
more elements combined A. Molecules “compounds”
• H20, O2, NaCl “salt”, CO2, C6H12O6- monosaccharide (glucose)
• HCl – “hydrochloric acid • C12H22O11 – disaccharide (sucrose)
B. Ionic Bonds – elements lose or gain electrons, become ions
C.Covalent Bonds – shared electrons
III. Water – most common solventA. Solubility – how well something
dissolves, like dissolves likeB. Solvent dissolves soluteC. Cohesion-tension – water attracted
to water• Capillary action – surface
tension, attraction tension H2O to H2O
D. Specific heat – water has a high specific heat, it takes a lot of energy to change water’s temp.
IV. pH – relative concentration of H+ and OH-
A. Acids – pH 1-6, more H+ ions, hydrogen ions, sour taste, urine 5.5, sweat 5.5, pop 3.5, gastric juice 2.0
B. Bases – “alkaline” pH 8-14, more OH- ions, hydroxide ions, bitter taste, bile 8, ammonia 11.5, bleach 12.5, pancreatic juice 8
C. Neutral – pH 7, H+ = OH-, water, blood, salivaD. Buffers – baking soda NaOH,
neutralize excess acid to create pH 7
I. Molecules of living things
A. Organic chemistry – contain carbonB. Chemical groups pg 38
• Hydroxyl – OH• Carboxyl – COOH,in lipids & proteins• Amino – NH3, NH2,in proteins• Phosphates – PO4, In nucleic acids, DNA, RNA
II. Macromolecules A. Polymer – repeating monomers
“chains”B. Biological polymers
1. Condensation reactionsDehydration synthesis, anabolic = smaller largerC6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O2. Hydrolysis – catabolic = larger smaller,
digestion breaking downC12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 +
C6H12O6
III. Carbohydrates – sugars and starches used for energy, 4 calories / gram,
contain C, H, O, 2H: 1 oxygenA. Monosaccharides – single sugars
(C6H12O6)• Glucose• Fructose – fruit sugar• Galactose Isomers – same formula different
arrangementB. Disaccharides – double sugar
(C12H22O11)• Sucrose – “table” fructose + glucose• Lactose – “milk” glucose + galactose• Maltose – “malt” glucose + glucose
C.Polysaccharides – “many sugars”1. Starch – breads, potatoes, grains2. Glycogen – stored glucose in muscles
and liver3. Cellulose – cell walls “wood”
IV. Proteins – C H O N & sometimes S, used for growth maintenance and repair (4 calories / gram)
A. Amino acids – (20) base unit of proteins, examples: lysine, argenine, tyrosine
B. Peptide bonds • Polypeptides – 3 or more amino
acids form proteins: albumin, keratin, collagen, enzymes, skin, hair, muscles, organs
C. Prosthetic groups – another element will replace H, hemoglobin, H-C-C-C-C-Fe
V. Lipids – C H O (9 calories / gram) fats ,waxes, oils used for energy storage, insulation, padding
A. Fatty acids – base unit of lipids (linoleic acid)
Unsaturated – liquid – plants, double bonds, HDL’s
Saturated – solid – animals, single bonds, LDL’s
B. Triglycerides & neutral lipids – 3 fatty acids & glycerol, “adipose” fat
C. Phospholipids – cell membranes D. Sterols – fats in a ring, cholesterol,
testosteroneE. Waxes – fatty acids & alcohol,
resistant to water
VI. Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, and P
A. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic code of life
B. RNA – ribonucleic acid, codes for proteins
C. Nucleotides & ribose & phosphates
• Guanine• Adenine• Thymine• Cytosine• Uracil
I. EnergyA. Potential – stored
Chemical – stored in chemical bonds
B. Kinetic – energy of motion, break bonds
II. Energy in chemical reactionsA. Reactants and products
(left of equation and right ofEquation will equal each other- balanced equations Conservation of matter and energy
B. Chemical balance of energy1.ATP – adenosine triphosphate,
A-P~P~P contains high energy bonds
2.ADP – adenosine diphosphate, A-P~P
3.ATP/ADP cycle –