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NorthwesternUniversity
People, Place & TimeThe Daily Rhythms of Deception in
Interpersonal Text Messaging
CornellUniversity
ICA 2013London, UK
LindsayReynolds
JeremyBirnholtz
JeffHancock
MadelineSmith
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Butler Lies• Often used to avoid social
interaction or explain a communication failure
• Serve to maintain relationships
• Depend on norms and technological features
• Exploit ambiguities in mediated communication
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People•Communication varies
by relationship types and closenessAgosto et al. 2012, Baym 2010
•Mixed findings about who people lie most toDePaulo & Kashy 1998, Cole 2001
• Butler lies told to maintain relationshipsReynolds et al. 2011, Birnholtz et al. 2013
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Who are lies and butler lies in text messaging told to?
Research Question 1
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Time•Temporal context
affects perceptionsGoffman 1966
•Message timing can effect relationshipsWalther and Tidwell 1995
• People delay opening and respondingReynolds et al. 2011
"clock" by azmichelle on flickr
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When are lies and butler lies in text messaging told?
Research Question 2
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Place•Context important for
interpreting messages
• Location sharing apps increasingly popularZickuhr 2012
•Decreased ambiguity threatens butler lyingBirnholtz et al. 2010, Reynolds et al. 2013
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How does location sharing affect butler lying in text messaging?
Research Question 3
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Method: Butler Messaging App
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Study Procedure1. Pre-study online materials
• Online consent form• Deception Tutorial• Download and install app
2. Use app for one week• Email reminder mid-week
3. Post-study questionnaire• Message logs with questions• Experience with app• Uninstall and debrief
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Data and Coding• 3,963 sent messages
• 959 butler messages (24.2%)
• 230 deceptive messages (5.8%)
• 89 butler lies (2.2%)
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see#you#at#7:15#
I"did"not"like"her"shirt"
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RQ1: Relationships
• F(4,560.7) = 31.48, p<.001
•More messages sent to romantic partners than all other categories (p<.001)
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0"5"
10"15"20"25"30"35"
Acquaintance" Friend" Family" Roman8c" Other"
Percen
t'of'T
ext'M
essages'
Rela2onship'Types'
Mean'Number'of'Text'Messages'Sent'per'Recipient''
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RQ1: Relationships & Lying
• F(4,566.3)=1.05, p=.380
•No significant differences in rates of lying by relationship type
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0"
3"
6"
9"
12"
15"
Acquaintance" Friend" Family" Roman:c" Other"
Percen
t'of'T
ext'M
essages'
Rela2onship'Types'
Percent'Lies'per'Recipient''
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RQ1: Relationships & Butler Lying
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0"
2"
4"
6"
8"
10"
Acquaintance" Friend" Family" Roman9c" Other"
Percen
t'of'T
ext'M
essages'
Rela2onship'Types'
Percent'Butler'Lies'per'Recipient''
• F(4,568.5)=1.44, p=.219
•No differences in butler lying rates by relationship type
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RQ2: Time & Lying
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RQ2: Time & Butler Lying
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RQ3: Locations & Butler Lying
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RQ3: Locations & Butler Lying
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•χ2(1, N=3340) = 6.83, p<.01
• Locations shared with butler lies less frequently than with other messages
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Summary of Results•More text messages sent to romantic partner
than other types of contacts
• Failed to find difference and lying and butler lying to different types of contacts
• Butler lies sent at times of social coordination
• Butler lies were sent without locations more often than other messages
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Discussion•Context matters: people, place and time
•New technological features can impact behavior
•Need more detailed studies of text messaging
• Butler Messaging app
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Limitations & Future Work• Self-reports of deception
• Potential self-selection bias
•Modified app included unfamiliar features
• Student sample
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We thank Jon Culver, Daniel Haber, Jared Kass, Kate Pascucci, Weili Shi, Mark Thomas and Jin Zhao for their valuable research assistance. Funding
was partially provided by NSF Grants IIS-0915081 and DGE-0824162.
People, Place & TimeThe Daily Rhythms of Deception in Interpersonal Text Messaging
LindsayReynolds
JeremyBirnholtz
JeffHancock
MadelineSmith
socialmedia.northwestern.edu sml.comm.cornell.edu