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Identifying Trends in the field of ESL
By: Lina Engelhart,Sebastiaan Van den Bergh, Isabelle Roulet and Jeremiah
Scalia
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❖ Common professional background (ESL)
Introduction:
❖ 4 Trends:
- Use of L1 in L2 (target language) instruction- An increase in non-native ESL teachers - Vocabulary sets: shift in instruction- Technology in the ESL classroom
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Goede Morgen!
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Onze eerste les:
Goede morgen
Goede middag
Goeden avond
Mij naam is:
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❖ Previous: Structure-based environment- focus on language, not message- focus on vocabulary and grammar
rules- frequent error correction
Trend 1: Increase in L1 usage
❖ Trend: Content-based environment- emphasis on interaction, conversation
- grammar used for clarifying meaning
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Krashen’s theory on Low Affective Filter:
High = students experience stress, anxiety, lack of self-confidence inhibiting success in L2 acquisition
Low = facilitates risk-taking behavior, enables learning of L2
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Trend 2: An increase in non-native ESL Teachers
Use of English
Experience
Communication
Concerns Benefits
Teaching Culture
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“Language consists of grammaticalized lexis, not lexicalized grammar.” -Michael Lewis
Trending, Then and Now● General trend toward teaching vocabulary ● Recent shift in methods of teaching vocabulary
Trend 3: Trends in ESL Vocabulary Teaching
SEMANTIC SETS – grouped according to category (e.g. furniture items, foods).
THEMATIC SETS – grouped under thematic concept (e.g. fishing, air travel).
UNRELATED SET - no semantic relation, nor are they expressly thematic in association.
(frog, car, raining)
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❖ 1993 Study (Tinkham) semantic sets had negative effect on vocabulary learning, thematic sets- neutral to positive.
❖ 1997 Study (Waring) learners needed about 50% more time to learn semantically related words than unrelated words.
❖ 2012 Study (Mirjalili, et al.) Subjects recalled more words from
unrelated sets than other sets.- unrelated sets (7.30)- thematic sets (7.06)- semantic sets (5.90)
Interference Theory - Similarity between vocabulary words learned at the same time hinders retention.
What the research says:
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Semantic Set: has flattened semantic relation
table shelf dresser couch
Unrelated Set: has dynamic/contrastive semantic relation
frog
car raining
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Frylock, Master Shake and Meatwad
from left to right:
Exception that proves the rule:
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Technology redefines nature of language learning
Trend 4:Technology & Language Learning Experience
Positive & negative experiences
Negative: Direct Translators!
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Txt Spk, Internet Language & Acronyms
Word PlaySlang
Technology & Language
Make a sentence as short as possible!
“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to a man in his language, that goes to his heart” - Nelson Mandela
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Student-centered
Conclusion
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
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Reference 1: Chapter 5 - Observing Learning and Teaching in the Second Language Classroom
Reference 2: http://teachingpronunciation.pbworks.com/f/When+the+teacher+is+a+non-native+speaker.PDF
Reference 3: http://eldstrategies.com/affectivefilter.html (Krashen)
Reference 4: Thomas Tinkham, Second Language Research 1997 13; 138
References: