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II. Current Scientific Classification
a) Kingdom (6, there were just 5 when I started teaching)
i. Largest unit of classificationb) Phylumc) Classd) Ordere) Familyf) Genusg) Species
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III. Kingdoms
• Archabacteria• Eubacteria• Protista• Fungi• Plantae • Animalia
Were once grouped together as Monera
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TaxonomyAnd the
Marine Environment
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Marine Bacteria
• Classified into two separate kingdoms:
– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria
• Were put together in Kingdom Monera just a decade ago
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• All are prokaryotic – Lack a nucleus
• Microscopic– Smallest living thing
• Single-celled– However, they carry out nearly all chemical
reactions found in bigger life forms.
• Plasma (cell) membrane• Found in several different environments
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The Kingdom Archaebacteria (“Ancient”)
• Emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago
• live in environments resembling conditions existing when earth was young.
• 3 major known types of Archaebacteria
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Ex. Methanogens• Anaerobic bacteria - produce methane
– Found in sewage treatment plants, bogs, deep in the oceans and the intestinal tracts of ruminants
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EX. Halophiles
• Thrive in high salt concentrations
– Such as salt lakes or pools of sea water
• Photosynthetic (producing their energy from light)
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• Heat-loving bacteria– Found near hydrothermal vents
and hot springs– Many are chemosynthetic, using
dissolved sulfur or other elements as energy source
Ex. Thermophiles
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Kingdom Eubacteria (“True”)• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)• Heterotrophic
• Most decomposers• Autotrophic
• Photosynthetic• Chemosynthetic
• Found everywhere in marine environment• shallow and deep water – (shallow water
bacteria do not like deep water and vice versa)
• Some degrade oil
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Example• Cyanobacteria -
largest group of photosynthetic eubacteria.
– Often referred to as Blue-green algae
– are often much larger than other bacteria - which in the past led this group to be classified as algae rather than bacteria
Thought to have generated earth’s
atmosphere
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–Possess same type of chlorophyll found in algae and plants• pigments not contained within
membrane-bound chloroplasts.
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KingdomProtista
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Kingdom Protista
• Many have chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• Both unicellular and multicellular
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Unicellular Protists
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Euglenozoa
• Many swim with a single flagellum• Not encased in a cell wall therefore flexible • Ex. Euglena
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Ciliates• Move by cilia.• Single-celled –some seen with the naked
eye.• Examples: Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella,
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Dinoflagellates
• ~1000 species.• Occasionally reproduce explosively
(bloom)• creating poisonous red tides• may cause extensive kills of marine fish and
make filter-feeding marine animals like clams unfit for human consumption.
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Diatoms• Main producers in aquatic environments• Serve as main base of food web• Referred to as PHYTOPLANKTON!!
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Multi-cellular Protists (Algae)
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Seaweeds
• Classified by Color
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• General Structure• Holdfast• Thallus
• Blades• Stipe• Gas Bladder
– No roots - absorb water and nutrients directly from sea
– No leaves - photosynthesis takes place all over body
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• Ecological Value• Photosynthesis- take up CO2 and contribute O2
to water• Lime secreting seaweeds help build coral reefs• Food source for many life forms• Rich in vitamins and minerals• Habitat for many life forms
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Phylum Chlorophyta• Green• Freshwater, terrestrial, and a few marine
(about 10% of the 7000 known).• Bays and estuaries (wide range of salinity)• Rarely grow below 33 feet• Blooms can cause greenish color• Form algae “slime” on boats, jetties, etc
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Examples:
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Enteromorpha intestinalis
• Found in Artic to Tropical
• On stones in soft sand
• Stone Hair
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Dictyosphaeria sp.
• Found in polluted waters of Hawaii
• Bubble like lobes
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Cladophora sp.
• Salt marshes• Branched
with many nuclei
• Eaten by snails, amphipods
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Phylum Phaeophyta
• “Brown” (olive green to dark brown)
• ~1500 species, mostly marine• Biggest!
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Examples:
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Pelvetia
• Atlantic and Pacific Coasts high littoral zone
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Sargassum
• Sargasso weed• Air bladders• Some grow on rocks, some float• Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of California• Sargasso Sea is an area in the Atlantic,
north of the West Indies, 2.5 million square miles
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Padina
• Prefers warm water
• Fan-like
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“Kelps”several
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Laminaria agardhii• Great abundance
below low tide• Temperate and
Arctic latitudes• Blades reach 10
feet• Attaches to rocks• No common name
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Nerocystis luetkeana
• Bullwhip kelp• Pacific• 100 feet
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Macrocystis itegrifolia• Giant kelp• Biggest at 330 feet• Grows 20 inches a
day
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Phylum Rhodophyta
• RED• They can be very deep and only red light can
get that far
• Lots! ~ 4000 species• Found at 879 feet!
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Phylum Rhodophyta• Very few freshwater, mostly marine• Prefer warmer waters• Many parasitic on other seaweeds• Some have lost chlorophyll completely• Usually filamentous (and pretty)
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• Source of agar–Jellies–Used to protect hams, fish, and other
meats–Used as a thickener in laxatives, and
cosmetics
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Examples:
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Phycodrys rubens• Sea Oak• Below lowest
tide marks• Attached to
shells or epiphytic
• Low-tide
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Callothamnion
• Red coralline algae• Encrusts rocks• Temperate to polar
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Chondrus crispus
• Irish moss• Industrial source
ofcarrageenan
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Agardhiella tenera
• Used as a culture medium in bacteriology
• Agar
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Seaweed Zonation
• Depth according to pigment– <33 feet mostly Chlorophyta– 0-115 feet lots of Phaeophyta– 0-879 feet lots of Rhodophyta
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Seaweed Zonation
• Physical– Wave action– Drying affects of sun and wind– Salinity– Abrasion by water borne sand– PH
• Presence of Grazers
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Kingdom Plantae(Marine Angiosperms)
AndKingdom Fungi
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All are:
• Eukaryotic • Multicellular
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Phylum Anthophyta• A few live in the water, but most live on the
“skirts”– Few are successful in the ocean, only the seagrass are
truly marine
• True leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue– Vascular tissue- xylem and phloem
• Allow plants to grow tall by transporting food and water
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Sea Grasses• Can grow completely
underwater (can be intertidal and therefore survive when the tide is out)
• Reproduce with flowers and seeds or rhizomes
– Release a string of pollen that floats
• Form broad green submerged meadows
• About 58 species known and in only 12 genera
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Zostera• Common name- Eelgrass• Most common• Temperate North Atlantic
and Pacific, and the Gulf Coast
• Found in shallow bays and estuaries
– Can grow in water up to 4-5 meters deep
• Flat ribbon like leaves• Loves O2 poor sediments• Provides habitats for
marine animals– Spawning ground for many
organisms
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Phyllospadix• Common name:
Surfgrass• Found on rocky coasts
with lots of wave action• May be exposed at low
tide• Found on Pacific coast
of North America• Seasonal flowers and
fuzzy fruit• Very productive due to
nitrifying bacteria in roots
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Thalassia• Common name:
Turtle grass• Found in the Gulf of
Mexico and Caribbean
• Looks like Eelgrass, but the leaves are broader/shorter
• Grows in muddy and sandy sediment
• Calm water• 30 inches or less of
water
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Syringodium• Common name:
Manatee grass• Found in shallow
warm waters from Florida and the Gulf Coast northern South America
• Grows at depths from 1 – 3 m
• sandy or muddy bottoms
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Marine Plants- partly in the water
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Spartina• Halophyte
– Land plants that are tolerate to salt
• Common name: Cord Grass• Do not like being submerged• Found in salt marshes and
other soft bottom costal areas in temperate regions
• Leaves always exposed to air
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• Salt glands in leaves• Spreads by rhizomes• Important soil stabilizer• High energy production• Important refugee for many organisms
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Salicornia
• Common name: Pickle weed
• Halophyte• Found in salt marshes
and other soft bottom coastal areas in temperate regions
• Leaves always exposed to air
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MANGROVES– ~ 80 species (3 in the states)– Provide nursery habitat– Support wide range of wildlife– Maintain coastal water quality– Grow partially submerged in
seawater• Roots filter some salt• Leaves collect salt and eventually fall
off– Roots prevent movement of
sediment– Root system can w/stand
hurricanes!• Mangrove forests can prevent erosion
of coastlines
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• 3 species in the Gulf of Mexico/United States– Red
• Closest to shore, in the water• Big arching roots
– Black• More inland• Pneumatophores on roots (soil still wet)• Roots still arch above ground though not as high
– White• Even more inland• No visible roots
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Fungi• 500 species of
Marine Fungi• Most are
decomposers• Some are parasites• Can cause disease in
– Sponges– Seaweeds– Shellfish– Fish
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OPEN NOTE QUIZ
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1
Which of the following groups would contain the greatest number of organisms?• a. phylum• b. genus• c. class• d. order
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2
The scientific name contains information about which of the following?• a. family• b. kingdom• c. genus• d. species
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3
The current classification was devised by• a. Ruxbin• b. Taxon• c. Linnaeus• d. Darwin• e. Yo momma
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4
If two organisms are in the same class they must also be in the same• a. genus• b. species• c. kingdom• d. phylum
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5
Which kingdom contains organsims who live in extreme environments?• a. protista• b. archaebacteria• c. plantae• d. eubacteria
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6
Which of the following are examples of protista• a. thermoacidophyles• b. rhodophyta• c. halophyles• d. diatoms
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7
Prokaryotes can be described by• a. having a nucleus• b. as euglenazoa• c. being unicellular• d. protista
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8
Which of the following are phaeophyta?• a. bullwhip kelp• b. sea oak• c. sargassum• d. gillyweed
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9
Arthropods are organsims with jointed appendages and exoskeletons. Which arthropods are most closely related?• a. Those of the same family• b. those of the same order• c. those of the same genus• d. those of the same kingdom
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10
There are _____ Kingdoms in the current taxonomy system.• a. 3• b. 4• c. 5• d. 6
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11
Which group of organisms is responsible for Red Tides?• a. Red Algae• b. Diatoms• c. Dinoflagellates• d. Rhodophyta
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12
The algae structure(s) similar to the leaf of a plant is(are)• a. holdfast• b. gasbladder• c. stipe• d. blade
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13
A holdfast is different from the leaves of a plant because a holdfast• a. is responsible for photosynthesis• b. doesn’t absorb minerals and nutrients• c. the two are not different• d. none of the above
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14
Algae are classified by?• a. color• b. socioeconomic status• c. religious belief• d. grade level
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15
If you were viewing algae 550 feet deep you were not looking at?• a. chlorophyta• b. rhodophyta• c. phaeophyta• d. kelp
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16
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