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BI 121 Lecture 13I. Announcements No lab today – Study for Exam II!!
Optional Lab notebook check after last Lab 6, Mac pulmonary function testing (PFT) next Thursday. Q?
II. Nervous System Connections NS organization video.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7EBrain + spinal cord (CNS). What disease involves the basal nuclei? Protect your head with a helmet! Bicycle head injury statistics NHTSA & BHSI, 2014 data
III.Peripheral Nervous System LS sections of ch 3, 4, & 7A. Autonomic NS: Branches, neurotransmitters,
receptors, actions, fight-or-flight stories ch 7 pp179-85B. Why are nerve & muscle unique? ch 4 p 71C. How do excitable cells signal?ch 3 pp62-7;ch 4 pp74-83D. How does the signal cross the nerve-muscle gap?
ch 7 p 185-92 fig 7-5 p 1901. Ca2+ bones!…but what else? p 1902. What do black widow spider venom, botulism, curare
& nerve gas have in common? Botox pp 189-92
I'm gonna smash Exam II because
— I'm dedicated & I physiology!
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LS 2012 tab 5-1
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MRI 061307Lumbar spineLateral view
L5
S1
L1
L2
L3
L4
Disc herniation
Discs bulging
?
Oregon Imaging
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MRI 061307Lumbar spineAxial view
9.4 x 8.1 mmProtrusionOregon Imaging
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~ 500,000 bicyclists/yr visit emergency rooms
As of 2014, the population estimate of
State of Wyoming 584,153
Albany OR 51,980
Corvallis OR 54,953
Springfield OR 60,263
~ 26,000 traumatic brain injuries
743 of ~900 cyclist deaths, 2013 ≡ ~ 2% of all traffic fatalities
13% of deaths children ≤ 14 yr, 87% o
11% involved wrong-way riding!
Bicycle crashes & injuries are under reported,
since majority not serious enough for ER visits.
Helmets may reduce head & brain injury risk by 85%!
~$2.3 billion/yr = indirect injury costs from not using helmets!
Helmets Cheap, Brains Expensive!!Use Your Head, Get a Helmet!!
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812018.pdfhttp://www.bhsi.org/stats.htm
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The "typical" bicyclist killed on our
roads is a sober male over 16 riding
without a helmet. He's hit by a car on
a major road between intersections in
an urban area on a summer evening.
Please wear a helmet – it can make
the difference between life and death.
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Hey, I’m alive because I wore a helmet!!
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Stories, Discussion, Questions or Comments!
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Why overlap or dual innervation?
Fine-tune control & safety!
LS 1995
AutonomicNervousSystem
cf: LS 2012 fig 7-3
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PARASYMPATHETIC = RESTING, DIGESTIVE,
HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS
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FIGHT/FLIGHT/ALARM REACTION!!
BI 121 +
other finals!
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D Silverthorn 2010
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Autonomic Neurotransmitters & Receptors
Cholinergic
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Adrenergic
α = Alpha
β = Beta
G&H 2011 p 731-3
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Autonomic Nerves: Two Chain Pathwaywith Post-Ganglionic Varicosities
LS 2012 fig 7-1
1 2
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Ach
= Nicotinic Receptor
= Muscarinic ReceptorAch = Acetylcholine
Ach
Parasympathetic
Ach
NE = Norepinephrine = α Receptor (α1 , α2)= β Receptor (β1 , β2)
/
Sympathetic
NE
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Nicotine activates both Sympathetic & Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons!
Like hammering the gas pedal & brake at the same time!!
Problem?
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LS 2012 fig 7-2
Autonomic Nervous System Innervation
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In Sympathetic
Fight-or-Flight why
is it important to
activate the
adrenals?
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80% Epinephrine/Adrenaline (E)
20% Norepinephrine (NE)
to bloodOutput
Hormonal Adrenaline Surge
Reinforces Nervous Outflow
& Accesses Tissues Not
Directly Innervated!!
Adrenals = Paired organs
above kidneys
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LS 2012
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Fight-or-Flight Stories!
…choose this!!
or
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Time for a break!
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Why are nerve & muscle unique?
They are excitable!!
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Action Potentials ≡ Spikes ≡ Impulses
Ultra-short reversal of membrane potential
Only in nerve and muscle cells
Maintains strength over distance
Primary way nerves & muscles communicate!
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"Resting"/Membrane Potential?
---
-------
------
-- - - -
---
Cells are slightly negative inside!
++
++
++++
++
++++
++
+ + + ++
+++
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Stimulate Cell @ Rest
---
-------
------
-- - - -
--- +
+
++
++++
++
++++
++
+ + + ++
+++
Mechanical
ChemicalElectrical
Thermal
1
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---
-------
------
-- - - -
--- +
+
++
++++
++
++++
++
+ + + ++
+++
Tap! Tap!..
2
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---
-------
------
-- - - -
--- +
+
++
++++
++
++++
++
+ + + ++
+++
Changes Cell Membrane Permeability to Sodium/Na+!
+ Charges/Na+ Rushes In!
3
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--
-------
-----
-- - - -
--- +
+
++
++++
++
++++
++
+ + + ++
--
++
+4
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--
-----
-----
-- - - - -
--+
+
+++++++
++
+
++
++
+ + + ++
--
+++
-
-
Action Potential has occurred!
Brief (1-2 ms) reversal to + inside cell!
5
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LS 2012 fig 4-7
Triggering event
Depolarization
(decreased membrane
potential)
Positive-feedback cycle!
Influx of Na+
(which further decreasesmembrane potential)
Opening of some
voltage-gated
Na+ channels
+
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
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LS 2012 fig 4-5
= Action potential = After hyperpolarization
Na+ equilibrium
Threshold
Resting
potential
K+ equilibriumstimulus
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LS 2012 fig 4-8
Threshold
Resting potential
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Synapse =
Generic term =
connection
between
excitable
cells!
DC 2003
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Neuromuscular junction= Nerve-muscle connection
H Howard 1980
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Myelin
AcetylcholineVesicles
Node of Ranvier
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Synaptic Animation
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu
/animations/synaptic.swf
Synapse Animation
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/synaptic.swf
LS 2012 fig 4-14
NT Balance!
Uptake Release
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http://sites.sinauer.com/psychopharm2e/animation03.01.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mItV4rC57kM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RbPIOq0O3w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VitFvNvRIIY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhowH0kb7n0
Other Links That May Be Helpful!
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3
3
7
4