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Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish.
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How would you know it was a new species?
• What is a species? • What other characteristics would you look
for?• What other characteristics does it have in
common with known fish species?
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Classification
• the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics
http://www.ict4us.com/r.kuijt/images/en_taxonomy.gif
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Classification
Aristotle: a Greek philosopher, was the first to classify organisms into two groups
Two groups… hmmm.
Two groups… hmmm.
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Group 1: Plants
Herbs
Shrubs
Trees
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Plants
• How are the plants grouped or classified?
Size
Structure
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Group 2: Animals
Land Air Water
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Animals
• How are the animals grouped or classified?
Habitat
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Classification Video
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Classification
• Linnaeus: used Latin (a dead language) to classify organisms by physical and structural similarities If it looks like a dog
and it smells like a dog, then it must be a
dog.
If it looks like a dog and it smells like a
dog, then it must be a dog.
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Why Latin?
Latin is a dead language, so it does not change.
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Linneaus
Created BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: a two-named naming system, bi = 2
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Binomial Nomenclature
Uses 2 Latin names to describe an organism• Scientific name (genus and species) • Ex. Humans: Homo sapiensHomo = same sapiens = wise
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Binomial Nomenclature
– Genus always begins with CAPITAL LETTER– species always begins with lower case letter– If typed, in italics– If hand written, underlined
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Binomial Nomenclature
• Write your name in binomial nomenclature
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One more thing…
• Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary relationship based on similarities
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Taxonomic Levels
Daring King Philip Came over for good spaghetti
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Taxonomic levels of a lynx and human
EukaryaAnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimateHominidaeHomosapiens
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SalamanderDichotomousKey• Tool for
grouping organisms
• 2 choices or questions for each step
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Salamander Classification
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Viruses
• Non living particles-must have host to reproduce- parasitic
• Smaller than bacteria• Have a chromosome ( DNA or RNA)• Can cause diseases: HIV, chicken pox, herpes,
cancer• Can be helpful: flower color patterns, vaccines
www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/3565.php
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How to prevent viral infection
• Avoid others’ body fluids• Vaccine – ex. “Gardasil”, T-cells capture
antigen, stimulate B-cells (WBC) to produce antibodies
http://sabahkamal.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/vaccine.jpg
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/images/making_vaccines.gif
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Virus Video
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Virus Pandemic of 1918
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Virus Reproduction
http://www.coachbrown.lunarpages.net/lytic-cycle.jpg
Attachment
Entry
Replication
AssemblyLysis and Release
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HIV AIDS• After exposure, virus hides in cells (as provirus)• Can hide for years• When triggered, ex. Stress, becomes lytic virus• Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)• Die from secondary infections, ex. Pneumonia
http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/health/aids/images/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif
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AIDS• Daily, 8,000 people die from AIDS related
illnesses (3 million/year)
• Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics• Treat HIV infection with antiviral drugs
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Bacterial Ubiquity• Are bacteria everywhere?• Choose a location to swab.• Inoculate an agar plate divided into
quadrants.• Incubate overnight• Note growth (0 – 5, none – lawn)Quadrant Location Tester Growth
1
2
3
4
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Bacteria
• Has a cell wall and capsule• Has single circular chromosome• May have a small circle of DNA called a plasmid.• Prokaryotic – no nucleus• Make toxins• Diseases: strep throat, tetanus, tooth decay• Can be killed with antibiotics• Benefits: digest food, decomposer, medicine,
make food-pickles, cheese, yogurt
http://www.thebacteriabusters.com/E_coli_O157H7.jpg
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Bacteria - ShapesRodSpherePair of spheresChain spheresCluster spheresCurved rodSpiral
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/images/bactshapes.gif
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Bacterial Infections
• Strep Throat – streptococcus
• Anthrax – bacillus
• Lyme Disease – spirochete
www.medscape.com/.../417394/art-m5649.fig1.jpg
webs.wichita.edu/.../anthrax_pustule.jpg
http://www.accessmedicine.com/loadBinary.aspx?name=licha&filename=licha_XI.021.jpg
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Bacteria – Asexual Reproduction: Fission
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/binfission.jpg
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Bacteria – Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/20f/Slide4.gif
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Bacteria Video
• Created by S. Rodgers
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Bacterial Transformation
• Using bacteria for our benefit
• Add foreign DNA to a bacterium to make useful products
• Cause bacteria to transform to new producers
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/real-transformer-movie-5.jpg
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Transformation
• Get host cells ready• Add foreign DNA plasmid• Let cells recover• Allow cells to grow and produce desired
protein• Collect protein for use, ex. Insulin
(Insulin used to be made from a pig pancreas)
http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/art/PigArt.jpg
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Transformation Lab
Purpose: Add foreign DNA plasmid to bacteria to make them glow
GFP = green fluorescent proteinAMP = ampicillin (antibiotic)ARA = arabinose (sugar for protein synthesis)LB = luria broth (growth medium)+ = pGLO plasmid (has GFP gene and ampicillin
resistance)
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Transformation Lab
E. Coli and LB only
E. Coli and LB, AMP, +
E. Coli and LB, AMP, +,
ARA
E. Coli and LB, AMP
Expect: _____________________ Expect: _____________________
Expect: _____________________ Expect: _____________________
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http://kdhellner.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/protist.jpg.w300h223.jpg
http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect20/paramecium_stained.jpg
http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/protist.jpg
http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/pleodorina-californica.jpg
http://www.edu.xunta.es/contidos/sec/bioloxia/biosfera/alumno/1ESO/clasica/imaxes/ameba.jpg
Kingdom Protista
http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/images/hydrodictyon2.jpg
Ameba
ParameciumVolvox
Euglena
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Kingdom Protista
• Most diverse organisms• Locomotion: Ameba
uses pseudopodsEuglena uses flagellumParamecium uses cilia
http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html
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Protists
• Named for their locomotion (how they move)• Have a contractile vacuole
to remove excess water (homeostasis)
• Can cause disease
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Protists
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Protist Locomotion
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Fungi
• Decomposers• Used to make beer, wine, and bread• Have a cell wall made of CHITIN• Ex. Molds, mushrooms, yeast
http://www.glyn.dk/blog/uploaded_images/yeast-732837.jpg
http://www.moldinspection.com/window%20mold%202.jpg
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Fungi
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Video