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Immigrants & UrbanizationChapter 7
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Chapter Overview
The population rises as immigrants supply a willing workforce for urban industrialization and political base for many urban politicians. Abuses in local and national government prompt calls for reform.
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Section One: The New Immigrants
• Europeans—flooded East coast• Chinese and Japanese—West coast• Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
Mexico• Why Immigrate?
• Lured by promise of better life• Escape conditions
• Some immigrated temporarily to take money back home to their families
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Section One: The New Immigrants
• A Difficult Journey• Trip across Atlantic=One Week• Trip across Pacific=Three Weeks• Poor conditions, many deaths
• Ellis Island• Immigration Station in New York• Detained up to several days• Pass physical exam• Government Inspection—documents, state
purpose
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Ellis Island, 1892-1954.
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Section One: The New Immigrants
• Angel Island—San Francisco Bay• Harsh questioning, long detentions• Poor conditions
• Cooperation for Survival• Finding a place to live• Getting a job• Language & Culture• Many immigrants formed ethnic
communities
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Angel Island
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Section One: The New Immigrants
• Melting Pot—mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs
• Nativism—extreme favoritism toward native-born Americans
• Anti-Immigrant groups• Restrictions—only wanted people that
would improve America
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Section One: The New Immigrants
• Immigration Restriction League• Literacy test, 40 words in English
• Anti-Asian Sentiment• 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act
• Banned all except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, government officials
• The Gentleman’s Agreement• Limit unskilled workers from Japan, repeal San
Francisco segregation order
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Questions to ponder…
1. What are some push and pull factors influence immigration to America?
2. What was the journey like?3. What was the experience of Ellis & Angel
Island like?4. What was life like once immigrants were
admitted?5. How is the phrase “melting pot” positive
and negative?6. Why did people have anti-immigrant
feelings?
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Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Urbanization—growth of cities due to technological boom• mostly in Midwest & Northeast
• Immigrants lived in cities because of cheap living and available jobs
• Rural population moving to cities because farming not needed as much• 1890—twice as many Irish in NYC than
Dublin, Ireland!!
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Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Americanization Movement• Assimilation• Teach immigrants skills needed for
citizenship• English Literacy• American History & Government• Cooking• Social Etiquette
• Most wanted to stay in ethnic groups• Overcrowded
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Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Housing Problems• Live on outskirts with transportation problem
or rent a cramped, unclean room?• Row Houses—single family homes shared
walls• Tenements—Overcrowded, unsanitary,
multifamily homes
• Regulations• NYC set minimum standards for plumbing
and ventilations in apartments
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New York City, 1900
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Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Transportation—mass transits move large number of people along fixed routes• Helped people get to work easily• Street cars, electric subways
• Public Water Works• Indoor plumbing was seldom• Cholera & Typhoid fever • 1870—filtration, 1908--chlorination
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Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Sanitation• Horse manure in the streets• Sewage in open gutters• Garbage in streets
• Crime• Pickpockets and thieves common• 1844—NYC, 1st full-time police force• Cincinnati, OH—1st paid Fire Department
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Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Reformers• Social Gospel Movement—preached salvation
through service of the poor• Settlement houses—community centers in
slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in area, especially immigrants• Provided educational, cultural, & social services
• Jane Addams—founded Chicago’s Hull House• Locust Street Social Settlement
• Settlement house for African-Americans
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Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age• Time for new power structures• Political Machines: group that
controlled the activities of a political party in a city; offered services in exchange for political or financial support• Solved urban problems to reinforce voter
loyalty• Helped immigrants with citizenship,
housing and jobs
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Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
City Boss—Controls all
political activities
Ward Boss—secured all votes in
electoral district
Local Precinct Workers—gain local votes
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Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• Increase in Election Fraud—use of fake names to vote
• Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain• Political machine helps person find job at
construction company• Person charges city more for supplies• Money is “kicked back” to political machine
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Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• Boss Tweed(William M. Tweed)• Head of Tammany Hall (NYC Democratic
political machine)
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Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• Election of 1880, Republican nomination up for grabs• Stalwarts—who supported the spoils system
•Patronage—giving of government jobs to people who helped candidates get elected
• Reformers—wanted change• Independent, James A. Garfield, won election• Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, nominated VP
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Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• July 2, 1881, because of his support of civil service reform, Garfield was shot• Died September 19• Arthur became president (shooter was stalwart)
• Once in office, became a reformer
• Pendleton Civil Service Act• make appointments to federal jobs through
merit system based on examination