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Immigration, Urbanization, and Life at the Turn of the Century
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Immigrants from Europe
• Early on in American History, most immigrants came from the British Isles, Scandinavia, and Northern Europe.
• Starting in the 1870s, the immigrants moving from Europe come first from Southern Europe (Greece and Italy) and then Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Czechs, Russia, etc.)
• Many new immigrants are Jewish.
• Around 20 million people will immigrate from 1850-1920
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Immigrants from Asia
• Between 1851-1883, about 200,000 Chinese immigrated from China.
• Some came for gold in California. Others came to work for the railroads.
• 200,000 Japanese immigrants will move to the US by 1920.
• Many Japanese move to Hawaii to work on the sugar and pineapple plantations.
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Immigrants from Latin America
• Between 1880-1920, 260,000 immigrants will enter America from the Caribbean.
• Most of these people came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Dominican Rep.
• Many Mexicans will move here because of the Mexican Revolution.
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Ellis Island
• Island in NY Harbor that was used to do intake on immigrants coming to America.
• During the peak years of 1905-1907, immigration officials will process 11,000 immigrants a day
• More than 16 million immigrants will pass through Ellis Island
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• Immigrants would be “inspected” for disease, literacy, intelligence, checked for criminal background.
• Given a 6-second medical exam. Sometimes they were quarantined. Sometimes they were sent back home.
• Ellis Island was in service from 1890-1954.
Ellis Island
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Angel Island
• The “Ellis Island” for the West Coast.• In San Francisco Bay.• Most of the immigrants passing through
here were Asian.• Between 1910-1940, 175,000 Asians,
including 50,000 Chinese immigrants, will arrive at Angel Island for processing.
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Melting Pot
• A new view of assimilation.• Immigrants were supposed
to come here to the United States and become more like us.
• Despite this, many immigrants will stick together in neighborhoods: “Little Italy” “Chinatown”
• However, many immigrants will encourage their children to learn English and become American.
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“Melting Pot” or “Tossed Salad”?• Melting pot =
assimilation of multiple cultures into a new, blended “American” culture
• Tossed salad = many different cultures thrown together, but little blending – each culture stands out
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Anti-Immigrant Sentiment• Nativist groups arise—especially against the Catholic
peoples and Eastern Europeans.• Anti-Catholic leagues formed.• Many are upset at the influx of Jewish immigrants.• Quotas placed to allow only limited number of
“undesirables” into the nation.• 1882-Chinese Exclusion Act. No Chinese immigrants
allowed for 10 years. Reupped in 1892 and 1902. Repealed in 1943
• Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan would agree to limit emigration from Japan to the US. Started because San Francisco segregated Asians from Americans in schools.
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Question Time
• 1. Why were so many immigrants coming to America?
• 2. What made these immigrants different from previous immigrants?
• 3. What was the immigrant experience like in America?
• 4. Why were some people prejudiced against immigrants?
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Urban Life
• Most immigrants join many Americans in moving to the cities.
• Biggest cities are New York, Philly, Chicago, St. Louis, Boston, Cleveland, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Buffalo.
• Many people leaving farms for factories and jobs.
• Blacks leave the South and begin moving to the cities for better opportunities.
• Urban crowding will lead to many opportunities and many problems
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Urban Problems
• Overcrowding• Tenements and row houses• Transportation issues• Fire• Poor sanitation• Disease• Crime• Water issues• Pollution
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Reform Movements
• Jane Addams established Hull House in 1889. Hull House was a settlement house.
• Settlement houses were built as community centers and were found in many cities.
• Settlement houses provided assistance for women, children, and immigrants in low income districts.
• The settlements helped give education to people who needed it.
• Most of the administrators were middle class, college educated women.
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Reform Movements
• Social Gospel Movement was another urban movement set to improve the lives of many.
• The movement applied Christian principles to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, poor schools, and the danger of war.
• They tried to encourage churches to be established in poor neighborhoods and help business leaders help improve the lives of their workers.
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How the Other Half Lives
• Series of photojournalism done by Jacob Riis.
• Depicts what life is like for the urban poor.
• Help push for tenement reforms.
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Skyscrapers
• Have to be built to accommodate urban crowding.
• Steel buildings and Otis elevators.
• First skyscraper was the Wainwright Building in St. Louis (10 stories).
• Other cities will soon follow.
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Mass Transportation• People live on outskirts of city to live, but
come in to work.• Workers in the city may not live near
their jobs in a crowded city.• People used mass transit like trolleys and
subways to get into the city.• Brooklyn Bridge.
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Urban Planning• Cities build parks like Central
Park and Fairmount Park.• Make life better for city
inhabitants.• Spread population out.• Protect from events like
Chicago Fire or mass epidemics.
• Set aside districts for business, trade, and residence.
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Public Education
• Between 1865-1895, 31 states pass compulsory education for children 8-14 for 12-16 weeks a year.
• By 1900, 75% of all American children go to school.• Education emphasized reading, writing, and
arithmetic.• Illiteracy rate drops from 20% in 1870 to 6% in 1920.• High schools grow from 800 in 1878 to 5,500 in 1898.
High school added more to the curriculum.• Most schools were segregated. More White kids
attended than Black kids.
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Question Time• 5. What problems do the cities have? Why?
• 6. What reform movements do you see in the city?
• 7. Why are Jane Addams and Jacob Riis so important?
• 8. Why was public education so important?