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Impact of carbon sequestration On
soil and crop productivity
Pravash Chandra MoharanaRoll no. 4805
Division of Soil Science & Agricultural ChemistryIndian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi-110 012
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Global warming
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Top Ten CO2 Producing Nations
1. USA
2. China
3. Russia
4. Japan
5. India
6. Germany
7. Britain
8. Canada
9. South Korea
10.Ukraine
IPCC,2001
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Greenhouse gases
Gas Concentration in 1985
Annual increase since 1985 to present (%)
Contribution to global warming (%)
CO2 345 ppm* 0.5 50
CH4 90ppb 0.8 19
N2O 1.65 ppm 1.0 5
CFC 0.24 ppb 3.0 15Others ---------- ----------- 11
*Present level 386 ppmIPCC,2001
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Carbon Loss in India and
World
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Atmosphere 748 Gt
Fossil fuels 4000 Gt
Terrestrial 2000 Gt
Soil 1550 Gt
Biota 450 Gt
Oceans 38, 000 Gt
Lal et al., 2004
World Carbon Pool
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SOIL1550 Pg C
BIOTA600 Pg C
ATMOSPHERE750 Pg C
100 Pg/yr
80 Pg
/yr
80 Pg/yr
100 Pg/yr
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Humus
Soil r
espi
ratio
n
and
deco
mpo
sition
Role of soil in C cycling
Lal and Kimble., 1997
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Organic carbon pool in soils of India and the world
Lal, 2004
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Depletion of soil organic carbon concentration of cultivated compared with that in undisturbed soils
Lal, 2004
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Total soil erosion in India
Yadav, 1996
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Soil erosion and C emission in India
Processes Flux
Total soil erosion 2.98 Pg sediments/yr (2979 Tg sediments/yr)
Total C loss at 8–12 g/kg 23.8–35.8 Tg C/yr
C emission at 20% of displaced C
4.8–7.2 Tg C/yr
Lal, 2004
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Total potential of carbon sequestration in soils of India
World : 600 – 1200 Tg C/y
Lal, 2004
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Carbon Sequestration
Lal,1995
It refers to the provision of long-term storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, underground, or the oceans so that the buildup of carbon dioxide (the principal greenhouse gas) concentration in the atmosphere will reduce or slow down
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Soil Carbon Sequestration
Atm osphericCO 2
Plantrespiration
Anim alrespiration
Soil respiration
Photosynthesis
Soilorganism s
Soilorganicm atter
D issolvedCO
in water2
Leachate
A tm osphericN 2
M ineralization
Denitrification
B iologicalN fixation
Carbonatem inerals
Fossil fue ls
CO 2
NN ON
2
2
O
NHvolatilization
3
NHfixation
4
Plantuptake
Fertilizer
CarbonInput
CarbonOutput
SoilCarbon
Sequestration
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Soil CSoil C
X
Decomposition/Mineralization ControlsAbioticSubstrate AttributesNutrient AvailabilitySoil DisturbanceDecomposer Community
CO2, CH4
DOC
Residue, Roots, Manure Compost CO2
Soil acts as a source as well as sink of atmospheric CO2Soil acts as a source as well as sink of atmospheric CO2
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Soil Microbial ActivitySoil Microbial ActivitySoil Organic Matter (C)Soil Organic Matter (C)
CO2CO2
Harvestable YieldHarvestable Yield
SunlightSunlight
ClimateClimate
SoilsSoils ManagementManagement
C cycle in agricultural ecosystem
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Soil carbon trajectories
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CO2 EMISSIONS vs. CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Current loss of organic carbon to the atmosphere as CO2 is 3.2 Pg/yr.
if all the degraded agricultural lands of the world (2 billion hectares or 2x 109 ha) having a bulk density of 1.5 Mg/m3 sequester OC @ 0.01%/yr, then the carbon sequestered will be 3.0 Pg/yr, which is just close to the SOC emitted to the atmosphere and can offset the entire green house effect[ (2x 109 ha) x (104 ha/m2) x (1m) x (1.5 Mg/m3) x (10-
4/yr) = 3.0 Pg/yr]
Lal et al.,1999
Depletion : Cinput < Coutput
Sequestration: Cinput > Coutput
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Soil Processes Conducive to the Enhanced Carbon Storage
1.Aggregation: Increase in stable micro-aggregates through formation of organo-mineral complexes
encapsulates C and protects it against microbial activities.
2.Humification: To sequester 10,000 kg of C in humus, 833 kg of N, 200 kg of P and 143 kg of S are needed
3.Translocation into the Sub-Soil: Translocation of SOC into the sub-soil.
4.Formation of Secondary Carbonates: 5.Burial of SOC-Laden Sediments: Transport of SOC-enriched sediments to depressional sites and/or aquatic ecosystems
6.Plantation of Deep-Rooted Plants
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Technological options for C sequestration in soil and biota
Lal., 2004
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Recommended Management Practices and C sequestration potential
Recommended practices C sequestration potential(Mg C/ha/yr)
Conservation tillage 0.10-0.40
Winter cover crop 0.05-0.20
Soil fertility management 0.05-0.10
Elimination of summer fallow 0.05-0.20
Forages based rotation 0.05-0.20
Use of improved varieties 0.05-0.10
Organic amendments 0.20-0.30
Lal et al., 1998
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Minimal disturbance of the soil surface is critical in avoiding soil organic matter loss from erosion and microbial decomposition.
Conservation-Tillage
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Jat, 2006
Tillage effects on SOC and MBC after four crop cycles of Rice-Wheat System
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Winter crops Forage in rotation Growing legume crops Eliminate fallow Deep rooted crops
Legumes can fix up to 60-100 kg of N/ha annually, depending on the species and soil type. For each legume crop grown, approximately 1 ton of CO2 –C emission is avoided. There is also increased plant residue input and increased soil organic carbon content.
Intensification of cropping system
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Carbon pools of subhumid, semiarid tropical and arid ecosystems under different cropping system
Swarup et al., 2000
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Intensification of cropping system and crop rotation and fertilization effects on organic C in soil
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Soil organic carbon (SOC), changes in SOC and carbon sequestration rate in 0-45 cm soil in a long-term fertilizer experiment under maize-wheat-cowpea cropping system
Purakayastha et al., 2008
Integrated nutrient management
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Plant roots and carbon sequestration
Plant root acts as a medium for transfer of atmospheric carbon into the soil Root lysis and root exudates contribute significant quantities of carbon deposited in sub-surface soil
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Treatments Avg. annual root biomass yield (Mg/ha/yr)
Estimated return of carbon (Mg/ha/yr)
50% NPK 4.80 2.16
100% NPK 5.47 2.46
150% NPK 6.05 2.72
100% NP 4.94 2.24
100% N 4.63 2.09
100% NPK+FYM 6.27 8.07
Control 2.95 1.33
Root biomass carbon
Purakayastha et al., 2008
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Tree plantingsConservation-tillage croppingAnimal manure applicationGreen-manure cropping systemsImproved grassland managementCropland-grazingland rotationsOptimal fertilization
Management of Land Degradation
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Organic carbon content in soil after six years under different land uses
Land use Organic C (%)0-15 cm 15-30 cm
Sole cropping 0.42 0.37Agro forestry 0.71 0.73Agro-horticulture 0.73 0.74Agro-silviculture 0.38 0.56
Das et al., 1994
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Degradation of permanent grasslands can occur from accelerated soil erosion, compaction, drought, and salinization
Strategies to sequester carbon in soil should improve quality of grasslands
Strategies for restoration should include:
Improved Grassland Management
Enhancing soil cover Improving soil structure to
minimize water runoff and soil erosion
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Improved Grassland Management
Franzluebbers et al., 2001
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Cut for hay
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Cut for hay
Unharvested
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Unharvested
Cut for hay
Lowgrazing pressure
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Unharvested
Cut for hay
Lowgrazing pressure
Highgrazing
pressure
Soil organic carbon sequestration rate (Mg ha-1 yr-1) (0-5 yr):--------------------------------
Hayed 0.30Unharvested 0.65Grazed 1.40
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C sequestration impact on soil
and crop
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Crop yield and productivity effects of SOC pool
SOC Pool
Crop
Yie
ld Unfertilized
Fertilized
SOC Pool
∆ Yi
eld
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SOC Pool
Soil
Qua
lity
Microbial biomass
Nutrient Retention
Available water capacity
Aggregation
Infiltration rate
Aeration porosity
Agronomic productivity
WUENUE
Soil Quality and SOC Pool
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Role of SOM in Soil and Plant Health
Haynes and Naidu., 1998
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Role of SOM in Soil and Plant Health
Water retention Soil temperature and aeration Chelation Cation exchange Mineralization of nutrients Buffer action
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Plant C
SOM SOM
CO2 CO2
FungiFungi
Micro-aggregates
No-Till = Lower disturbance
Soil MacroaggregateSoil Macroaggregate
Tillage = Higher disturbance
Plant C
SOM SOM
CO2 CO2
FungiFungi
Micro-aggregates
No-Till = Lower disturbance
Soil MacroaggregateSoil Macroaggregate
Tillage = Higher disturbance
Plant C
SOM SOM
CO2 CO2
FungiFungi
Micro-aggregates
No-Till = Lower disturbance
Soil MacroaggregateSoil Macroaggregate
Tillage = Higher disturbance
White and Rice, 2007
Soil aggregate formation
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Effect of soil management systems on soil properties in the top layer of 0-7.5 cm
Properties Conventional Integrated Organic
OC (g/kg) 5.59 7.16 9.41
Bulk density (Mg/m3)
1.18 1.12 0.93
Aggregate stability (%)
10.6 22.8 13.5
Nitrate N (kg/ha)
12.5 20.3 7.9
Extractable P (kg/ha)
41.8 52.3 45.7
Earthworms (number/m2)
35 212 106
Glover et al., 2000
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Microbial BiomassMicrobial biomass is positively correlated to an estimate of the organic N available to crops in no-tillage surface soil.
1 to 5% of SOC is in microbial biomass and 2 to 6% of soil organic N.
Microbial biomass represents a significant amount of potentially mineralizable N.
Microorganisms produce:Plant growth hormonesStimulate plant growth
hormonesCompete with disease
organisms
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Treatments
Total C (g/kg)
Bulk densityg/cm
Microbial biomass (mg/kg)
OM 9.41 1.20 135.8
1/2OMN 7.16 1.26 98.7
NPK 5.59 1.29 74.4
NP 5.21 1.30 65.5
PK 4.85 1.32 55.8
NK 4.23 1.35 46.8
C 3.92 1.40 41.7
Physical and biological properties influence by OM(from 1990 to 2007)
Gong et al., 2008
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Response of soil organic C in different particle size fractions
Majumder et al., 2007
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Crop Area (Mha)
Current yield (kg/ha/yr)
Projected increase kg/ha/yr/ Mg of SOC
Total increase in production 106 Mg/yr
Barley 0.76 1800 20-50 0.02-0.03
Beans 9.0 400 30-50 0.3-0.5
Wheat 27.3 2640 30-50 0.8-1.4
Rice 42.5 2927 30-50 1.3 – 2.1
Maize 14.0 670 100-300 1.4 – 4.2
Sorghum
9.2 700 100-140 0.9 – 1.3
Total 6.9 – 12.5
Soil carbon sequestration and yield increase of principal crops in India
Lal., 2005
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Treatments Total C (g/kg) Wheat yieldKg/ha/yr
Maize yieldKg/ha/yr
OM 9.41 3436 5994
1/2OMN 7.16 4484 6811
NPK 5.59 4609 6922
NP 5.21 4415 6544
PK 4.85 1078 1481
NK 4.23 594 870
C 3.92 568 766
Crop yield under different soil organic carbon (from 1990 to 2007)
Gong et al., 2008
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Year Zero tillage+residue Zero tillage- residue
1996 4000 2800
1997 6200 2100
1998 5000 3000
1999 1800 1700
2000 6000 4800
2001 6200 1500
2002 6500 2000
Comparison of rainfed maize yield (kg/ha) on different tillage and residue management
practices
Thomas, 2009
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Years
Yields variation of jute and soybean with SOC of the treatments
Manna et al., 2005
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Conclusion
Judicious application of bulky organic manures and balanced fertilization , reduce tillage and forage and legumes helps in restoring the organic carbon status of soil
Cultivation of fast growing trees with arable crops under agro-
forestry systems such as agrohorticulture or agro-silviculture systems helps in improving soil organic carbon content
SOC helps in improving physical, biological, chemical properties soil and also improving crop productivity in long term basis.
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Future steps
Standardised methodologies for estimating above and below-ground C stocks to improve the reliability of data
Prediction of models to accommodate future climate ,land-use changes, crop production and their implications for CO2 mitigation
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Save soil Save life….
…Thank you