Download - Imperialism
Imperialism
Motives of Imperialism
Economic interestsMilitary MotivesReligious Goals: ChristianizationSocial Darwinism
A sense of racial superiorityThis applied the rules of natural selection and
survival of the fittest to human societies.
THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
Poem written in 1899 by Rudyard Kipling
It outlined the idea that it was a duty of the western countries to help less advantaged peoples Included ideas about sharing Religion,
technology & medicine.
The Partition of Africa1800s, Britain, France, Germany, and
other European powers began a scramble for African territories
Within 20 years, the Europeans had carved up the continent and dominated millions of Africans
Africa in the Early 1800sHuge continent, hundreds of
languages, varied governments
North Africa
Sahara and lands along Mediterranean.
Mostly Muslim…north dominated by Ottoman Empire
Usman dan Fodio helps establish a strong Muslim state in northern Nigeria…inspired other reforms in West Africa
East Africa Mostly Islamic…port cities (Mombasa)
profited from trade, often slaves
Southern Africa The Zulu Kingdom led by Shaka dominated
the region. 1814- The Boers (Dutch) were migrating
north to avoid the new British rule. Fighting ensued between the Zulus and Boers.
Impact of the Slave Trade
1800s- Euro. Slave trade was outlawed
East Africa slave trade continuedSierra Leone (British) and Liberia
(USA) drew freed slaves
European Contact Increases
1500s-1700s Europeans traded with Africans along the coast…Africans wanted to trade, but not house them. Resistance, geography, and disease kept
Euros from moving inland…medical advances and river steamships changed that in the 1800s
Explorers Advance Into Africa’s InteriorExplorers set out to map Africa and
explored the Niger, Congo, and Nile rivers.
They were fascinated by the geography, but had little understanding of the people
Missionaries Follow Explorers Catholic and Protestant missionaries built
schools and medical clinics…took a paternalistic view of Africans
Livingston Blazes a Trail The most famous was Dr. Livingstone More sympathy and less biased view, and
opposed the slave trade…though trade and Christianity would rob Africans of tradition and culture He disappeared into the continent for over thirty
years and when he was finally tracked down by the Journalist Henry Stanley the famous quote “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” was coined.
A Scramble for Colonies
King Leopold II of Belgium opens up trade with Congo.
Spoke of a civilizing mission, but privately dreamed of conquest
Leopold inspired other Euro leaders as Britain, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to the region.
Berlin Conference
Wanting to keep pace with Belgium, France, Germany and Great Britain begin racing to colonize the continent of Africa.
1884- A country could not claim any part of Africa without first setting up a government office there…leads to direct ruled colonies
20 years the entire continent was claimed
Horrors in the Congo
Leopold and the Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo
African workers were savagely beaten or mutilated as villages were brutalized.
France Extends Its InfluenceTook a giant share…invaded and
conquered Algeria, Tunisia, West and Central Africa, etc.
Britain Takes Its Share
Scattered empire…parts of West and East Africa, defeated the Boers (formerly Dutch) to control South Africa..gold is discovered in Boer lands
Others Join the ScramblePortugal, Italy, Germany all took
shares
Africans Resist Imperialism Europeans did face armed resistance Algerians battled French, Zulus battled
British, Yao and Heroro battled Germans in East Africa
Ethiopia Survives The Ethiopian leader Menelik II had
modernized his country…when Italy invaded in 1896 the Ethiopians crushed the invaders
Ethiopia and Liberia were the only African nation to preserve independence
A New African Elite Emerges
A western educated elite emerged. These middle class Africans would
lead independence movements in the 1900s
12.3-European Claims in Muslim Regions STRESSES IN MUSLIMS REGIONS All three Muslim regions were in decline (Ottoman
(in the Middle East), Safavids (in Persia), and the Mughals (in India) due to corruption and lack of government control
In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad, claimed he was the Mahdi (savior) or the faith, and he and his followers resisted British expansion into the region
The Wahhabi movement in Arabia worked to recapture the teachings of Muhammad
The Muslim empires also faced the threat of Western Imperialism
Problems for the Ottoman Empire Internal nationalist revolts broke out in N.
Africa, E. Europe, and the Middle East (the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gained independence)
European countries sought to seize former Ottoman lands…Russia wanted access to the Meditereanean Sea
Some Ottoman rulers westernized (education,medical) (Young Turks overthrew the Sultan of Turkey)
Armenian Genocide- Muslim Turks killed the Christian Armenians out of fears they were supporting the Russian plans against the Ottomans
Egypt Seeks to Modernize Egypt was a semi-independent province of
the Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali (“father of modern Egypt”)
introduced reforms-political, economic, landholding, and agriculture
M.A. successors came under foreign control Egypt owed high interest loans to
Europeans…Egypt paid off debts by selling shares of the Suez Canal to the British
After a revolt, Britain made Egypt a protectorate
Persia and the European PowersThe Qajar Shahs (1794-1925)
attempted to modernize (telegraph and RRs, and liberal constitution)
Great Britain and Russian each established a sphere of influence
OIL!!!- European interest intensified with this discovery in Iran
12.4-THE BRITISH TAKE OVER INDIAEAST INDIAN COMPANY AND REBELLION 1800s- British East India Company controlled 3/5s
of India The British exploited Indian diversity: encouraged
competition and disunity among rival provinces, however they did bring western education and legal procedures
Sepoys- Indian soldiers: forced to fight overseas and told to bite bullets before loading…bullets were greased in animal fats (cows- Hindu/ Pigs- Muslims)…those who refused were imprisoned
Sepoy Rebellion- Early successes were crushed by the British…the British responded by sending more troops and exerting more control
British took over for B.E.I.C.
Impact of British Colonial Rule The British parliament set up a system of
colonial rule- British Raj A viceroy governed in the name of the
queen. Indian was the “brightest jewel” in the crown
of the empire India faced deforestation, over population,
and famine Benefits- peace and order to the country
side, railroads, postal communication
Different Views of Culture1- Some Indians welcomed the
western ways2- Others felt the answer lay in their
religion (Hinduism or Islam)Ram Mohun Roy combined both views
He promoted Indian cultural pride while seeing the value in Western education… is often call the founder of Indian nationalism
Condemned purdah (isolation of Indian women in separate quarters
Indian Nationalism Grows
Western educated Indians led nationalist movements
Indian National Congress- supported Western- modernization but desired self rule…peaceful
Muslim League- Muslims were weary of the Hindu dominated INC Soon were talking of a separate Muslim
state
China and the New Imperialism China experienced a favorable balance of trade (export
more` than import) for centuries…this shifted towards negative due to the influence of western powers
China’s restrictions of foreign trades gave them a trade surplus (traded Chinese goods for silver and gold, imported less than export)…this would reverse in the 1800s and 1900s…trade deficit- import more than export
Opium War- GB traded opium (from India) for Chinese tea…soon many addicted Chinese started buying opium with silver, disrupting the economy China outlawed opium, executed drug dealers and
demanded that stop the trade…they refused China fought a losing war with British
Launching Reform EffortsOpen Door Policy- keep Chinese trade open
for all countries, equally…protect US trading right with China
Guang Xu- 100 Days of Reform- modernize civil service exams, streamline government, encourage industry
Qing Dynasty FallsSun Yixian- President of the new Chinese
republic after the fall of the Qing Dynasty`