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Improvement Science Made Simple
Dr. Moza Alishaq-Ph.D
Dr. Jameela Alajmi
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Objective :
To gain an understanding of:
Quality
Quality improvement
Profound Knowledge
Model of change
Describe the basic principles of quality improvement
introduce the methods and tools for improving the quality of
health care by using Model for Improvement, PDSA and its
Journey
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- UNDERSTAND QUALITY :
Institute of Medicine, is often used:
• [QUALITY is] the degree to which health
services for individuals and populations increase
the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are
consistent with current professional knowledge.
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HOW OTHERS LOOK AT QUALITY
`Institute for Healthcare
Improvement (IHI):
“Quality-
is as outcomes management,
minimizing unnecessary variation so
that outcomes become more
predictable and certain.
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What does quality in healthcare means?
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The Institute of Medicine has identified six dimensions of
healthcare quality.
These state that healthcare must be:
Therefore, leaders need to actively
consider these six dimensions when
setting their priorities
for improvement.
Safe
Effective
Patient
Centered
Timely
Efficient
Equitable
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WHAT DO YOU THINK IS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Quality improvement. it as a systematic approach that uses specific
techniques to improve quality.
The conception of improvement
better patient experience and
outcomes achieved through
changing provider behaviour and organisation through
using a systematic change method and strategies.
They are combination of a ‘change’ (improvement) and a ‘method’
(tools), in order to achieve better outcomes.
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How can we improve a system to achieve better results in the
dimensions of quality
You need to : Know the place of care/service
Know your patients
understand the system is failing –Identify what is wrong.
make sure it is the step that needs fixing.
`Identify processes that can be improved and lead to
better quality of care.
`Then you can implement a change to the “system”.
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What would improve quality?
4
1
2
3
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1 Understanding the problem,
what the data tell you -
understanding the processes
and systems within the
organisation –patient pathway
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Analysing
The demand, capacity and
flow of the service1
2
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choosing the tools to
bring about change, and
include:
leadership and
clinical engagement,
skills development,
staff and patient
participation
1
3
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Evaluating and
measuring
the impact of a
change
4
1
2
3
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7 leadership for change
spread of innovation
improvement
methodology
transparent measurement
system drivers
engagement to mobilise
rigorous delivery
Change Model, highlights the following key areas for consideration:
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Enhance the
relationship
Manage
Time
Manage
variation
9 Categories of Change for Quality Improvement
eliminate
waste
improve
work flow
change
work
environment
design systems
to avoid
mistakes
focus on the
product/service
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Knowledge
Of a
System
Knowledge
Of Variation
Knowledge
Of
Psychology
Theory Of
Knowledge
The Deming System Of Profound Knowledge
- Appreciation of a system : understanding the overall
processes involving suppliers, Producers, and customers ( or
recipients ) of goods and services ( explained below );
- Knowledge of variation : the range and causes of
variation in quality, and use of statistical sampling in
measurements;
- Theory of knowledge : the concepts explaining
knowledge and the limits of what can be known.
- Knowledge of psychology : concepts of human nature .
W Edwards Deming
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Five Deming Principles That Help Healthcare Process Improvement
1. Quality improvement is the science of process
management .
2. If you cannot measure it…You cannot improve it .
3. Managed care means managing the processes of care,
not managing physicians and nurses .
4. The right data in the right format at the right time in
the right hands.
5. Engaging the “smart cogs” of healthcare .
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Exercise on Quality
What is the benefit for:
Patients
Staff
Organization
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What is ‘‘quality improvement’’ and how can it
transform healthcare
- better patient outcomes (health),
- better system performance (care) and
- better professional development (learning). Everyone
Better
Professional
development
(Learning)
Better patient
(and population )
Outcomes
(Health)
Better
System
Performance
(Care)
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Enter
The Stages
Of
Change Model
Precontemplation (Not yet
acknowledging that there is a problem
behavior that needs to be changed)
Contemplation (Acknowledging that there
is a problem but not yet ready or sure of
wanting to make a change)
Preparation/Determination (Getting
ready to change)
Action/Willpower (Changing behavior)
Maintenance (Maintaining the behavior
change)
Relapse (Returning to older behaviors
and abandoning the new changes)
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Structure Process Outcome
- Facilities
- Staff
- Equipment
- Evolutions
- Treatments
- What gets done to
- patients
- Survival
- Degree of health
- Time to recovery
- Disability due to care
- Sustainability of health
- Long-term adverse
consequences of care
Donabedian Quality Framework
Structure
Outcome
Process
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The Patient Journey Through Hospital System
Emergency
Department
Theatre
P.I.C.U
Ward
Specialist
Clinics
Pharmacy
Medical Imaging
Pathology
Allied Health
Support Services
The Patient
experience is a
direct result of
how the different
hospital systems
interact and the
way staff work
within these
systems to provide
patient care.
Please note : The purpose of this diagram is to demonstrate the large number of systems that a patient could pass through on their healthcare journey.
Patient Arrives
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- Have you ever attempted to make a change in your personal or professional life and failed;
perhaps a New Year’s resolution?
- Your failure to improve was probably not due to a lack of motivation or a desire to improve,
but rather to a lack of utilizing a good method proven to be effective at implementing change.
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We all work with
and within systems:Systems of
communication
1
Reporting
systems
2
Systems for
complaints
3
Systems for distributing
information
4
Systems for issuing
prescriptions or
medication
5
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How it has been done so far…
What is the best way to approach change that results in improvement?
Trial & Error?
Chaos
Too much action,
not enough thinking
“Something must be done,
this is something,
therefore we must do it…”
Detailed prior study?
Paralysis
Too much thinking,
not enough action
“We can’t do anything
until we know exactly
what to do…”
“Trial and Learning” Approach
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Trial and Learning’ Component Parts
-Setting challenging aims
-Identifying principles/change ideaswhat has worked for someone? What might work for us?
-Measuring progressknowing what’s happening
-Testing changesstarting small; reducing risk
-Implementing and sustaining changechange in systems and routines; developing skills and abilities
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Embedded PowerPoint VideoBy PresenterMedia.com
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Three fundamental questions for
model of improvement
THE THINKING PART
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The 3 Questions
The Model for Improvement begins with three fundamental questions:
◦What are we trying to
accomplish? (How good
do we want to get and
by when?)
1. The Aim:
How will we know a
change is an
improvement?
2. The Measures:
What change can we
make that will result in
improvement?
3. The Changes:
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PDSA CYCLE : The Doing Part of the Improvement Model
( test changes)
Plan a change
Do the change
Study the results
Act on the result
Walter Shewhart was the first person to propose a version of the PDSA cycle.
W. Edwards Deming modified Shewhart's cycle to PDSA, replacing "check" with "study.
P
DC
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A
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Hig
her
Qual
ity
Rotation 1
Rotation 2
Rotation 3
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What is a PDSA?
• A structured approach for making small incremental changes to systems
• A full cycle for planning, implementing, testing and identifying further changes
• A common sense, easy to understand tool for bringing about change
• A tool which can reduce anxiety to change
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PLAN
DOSTUDY
ACT
What changes
are we going
to make
based on our
findings
What were
the results?
What
exactly are
we going
to do?
When and
how did
we do it?
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Process Of Applying Model of
Improvement
Example: Quality Improvement Project on
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Heart Hospital-HMC
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PLAN
DOSTUD
Y
ACT
What are we trying to
accomplish ?
How will we Know if a
change is an Improvement?
What changes can we make that
will result in improvement ?
Mod
el F
or
Imp
rov
emen
tStep.1
1. Define the problem
2. What exactly are you trying to achieve
3. Refer to the Nolan questions (thinking )
AIM
The aim should be time-specific and measurable; it should
also define the specific population of patients that will be
affected, applicable to specific system.
MEASURE
Working out what to measure, How to measure and collect it
SELECT CHANGES
Organizations therefore must identify the changes that are
most likely to result in improvement. In this section you
will
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The Reason Model
And Accident Casual Chain
Organizational
InfluencesLatent
Failures
Unsafe
SupervisionLatent
Failures
Latent
Failures
Active
Failures
Preconditions
For unsafe Acts
Unsafe Acts
Mishap
Failed or
Absent Defenses
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Main Issue 1
Factor
Factor
Factor
Main Issue 2
Factor
Factor
Factor
Main Issue 3
Factor
Factor
Factor
Factor
Factor
Factor
Main Issue 4
Factor
Factor
Factor
Main Issue 5
Factor
Factor
Factor
Main Issue 6
Problem
or Effect
FISH DIAGRAM – Up to 6 Causes
Cause & Effect
Fishbone Diagram
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Antibiotic
stewardship
infrastructure
Preauthorization
& Restriction
Develop
( clinical Audit )
strategy
Data Monitoring
& surveillance
Global Aim
Implementation
antibiotic
stewardship
program
Specific Aim
Timely and
appropriate use of
antibiotic in acute
care setting by
100% by End of
Dec2015
Outcome measures:
prevalence of
MDRO
Incidence of CD
Process Measures:
Compliance % to
surgical prophylaxis
Utilization rate of
( promoted and
restricted antibiotics)
% De-scalation
Balance Measure:
Mortality rate
Cost reduction %
- Develop anti stewardship multi-displinary team Create Clean lines of accountability:
- Between chief executive
- Clinical governance
- Therapeutic committee
- Infection prevention and control committee
- Periodic release of anti-biogram
- Share surveillance with point of care
- Education point of care
- Develop Antimicrobial review methods
- Use of diagnostic tools
- Audit and direct feedback to prescribers
- Formulary restrictions / approval system
- Antimicrobial Prescribing Policy
- Care pathway /Checklist
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To test your change use the PDSA cycle. step.2
Start with a PLAN
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
How?
Predication of the answers to the questions What are you going to measure? Data collection
Do: the action part of the process
Observations are made and recorded include things that were not part of the plan
CONTINUOUS
IMPROVEMENT
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Step.2 Aim : Right drug, right dose, right time, right duration for Surgical patients
.
Review in line with HMC guidelines
with H.H OR
SAP
D
PDS
A
SAP
D
PDS
A
PDS
A
Cycle 5: Implement in other all surgical cases
Cycle 1: Testing
prescribing in
CABG pilot
population based
on local policy
Cycle 2: Testing administration
in anesthetic room
Cycle 3: Testing recording timings ; Surgical
prophylaxis ONE DOSE within 60 minutes
before knife to skin
Cycle 4: Testing repeat and /or postoperative doses –
pharmacist /surgeon
*A repeat dose of prophylaxis may be required for prolonged procedures or where there is significant blood
loss. A treatment course of antibiotics may also need to be given in cases of dirty surgery or infected wounds.
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Study
- Study the outcome of your measures What worked? Do you need to carry out another PDSA?
- Do you need to involve more people?
- Do you need to generate more ideas?
• What didn’t work and why?
Do you need to change the plan?
Do you need to tweak the original PDSA?
Act• Action was rationally based on what was
learned
• What changes are you going to make
based on your findings? This will inform
your next PDSA cycle
• Document the change you are going to
make and identify future plans
CONTINUOUS
IMPROVEMENT
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P
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ity
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Create Multiple PDSA Ramps
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Scottish Primary Care Collaborative
Borders GP Practice
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% o
f P
eo
ple
wit
h D
iab
ete
s
% of Diabetes Patients with a BP<140/80
Diabetes (blood pressure)
Improvements with PDSAs
PDSAs to improve shared
diabetes information with
Secondary Care
PDSA to contact all
Patients who have not
had a BP check in the
last year
PDSAs
PDSAs PDSAs
PDSAs to improve
current patient
recall system
PDSAs to
Validate
Diabetes
Register
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Step. 3
Implementing Changes
After testing a change on a small scale, learning from each test, and refining the change through
several PDSA cycles, the team may implement the change on a broader scale — for example, for an
entire pilot population or on an entire unit.
e.g.: Antibiotic prophylaxis in all CBAG patients in TICU
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Step. 4
Spreading Changes
After successful implementation of a change or package of changes for a pilot population or an entire
unit, the team can spread the changes to other parts of the organization or in other organizations
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The Principles Of PDSAs
- Breaks down change into manageable, bite-sized time-limited chunks
Not audits – snap shots in time
- Small changes can be tested without causing upheaval to the whole system
Tell others what you are doing
- If it doesn’t work, try something different based on your learning
Document what did/didn’t work
D
P A
S
3
Intervention
phase
Diagnostic
phase2
1
Project
phase
4
5
Sustaining
improvement
phase
Impact
phase
Project mission
Project team
Conceptual flow of process
Customer grid
Data
-fishbone
-Pareto chart
-run charts
-SPC charts
2 months
Plan a changeDo it in a small test
Study its effects
Act on the result
2 months
1 month
Annotated
run chart
SPC charts
DP
AS
DP
AS
DP
ASD
PA
S
Ongoing monitoring
Outcome Future plans
Sourced from: NSW Department of Health (2002). Easy Guide to Clinical Practice Improvement
(www.health.nsw.gov.au/quality/pdf/cpi_easyguide.pdf)
SPC – statistical process control
The improvement process
1. Once an intervention has been introduced, the intervention and any improvements need to be sustained
2. This may involve:
• standardization of existing systems and processes
• documentation of policies, procedures, protocols and guidelines
• measurement and review of interventions to ensure that change becomes past of “standard” practice
• training and education of staff
Sustaining
improvement phase
Sustain the gains• standardization
• documentation
• measurement
• training
Sustaining the improvement phase
NSW Department of Health (2002). Easy Guide to Clinical Practice Improvement
(www.health.nsw.gov.au/quality/pdf/cpi_easyguide.pdf)
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Ali Baba GameDescription: Ali Baba is going to the market to sell all his stock
But he need your help to load his crazy dromedary
Learning Objectives: At the end of this activity, you
will be able to describe how assembling Ali Baba stocks with
a team can help teach the value of iterative tests of change.
Discussion Questions:
Why is assembling something such as with Ali Baba
with a team a valuable way to learn about iterative tests of change?
Why is measurement a critical component of PDSA cycles?
Did you find Ali Baba it effective? Why or why not?
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