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unite for children
In-depth findings on child labor in Malawi and Zambia
Quantitative: de Hoop, Groppo, and Handa, on behalf of the Malawi SCT and Zambia MCP evaluation teams
Qualitative: de Hoop, Handa, and Zietz
Transfer Project Workshop – June 7-9, 2017 Dakar, Senegal
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2Photo Credit: Salima Village 3 Participant Number 4.
Research questionsUnconditional cash transfer programs can increase household productive activity
Do we observe a concomitant increase in child productive activities? If so, what are the implications
for child wellbeing? What role does family
composition play?
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Theoretical frameworkPoor credit constrained households invest cash transfers in:
Child education and health
Δ HH production technology & adult labor supply
Δ child time allocation: work in HH, work for pay, chores, play, school
Δ types of child work: hazards & on
the job learning
Δ child wellbeing: physical health, mental health, and development
Household business
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4Photo Credit: Mangochi Village 3 Participant Number 5.
Some innovations Quantitative measurement
(Malawi SCT & Zambia MCP): Sub-activities Hazards Excessive working hours
Qualitative triangulation and photovoice (Malawi SCT): Activities and hazards Learning by doing Perceptions
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Household agricultural production
Household owns livestock• Malawi 30% 62%• Zambia 46% 70%
Impact on child work on household farm
Livestock (past week)• Malawi 4% 10%• Zambia 3% 7%Similar for other activities
Photo Credit: Jacobus de Hoop, Malawi SCT.
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Substitution patterns
Malawi: Limited overall net effects: shift
out of informal work for pay
Zambia: Net increase of +4pp, +3h/week: No drop in informal work for pay Increased engagement in household chores
Photo Credit: Salima Village 1 Participant Number 2.
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7Photo Credit: Salima Village 1 Participant Number 2.
Work-related hazards in Malawi
Quantitative: Heavy loads: 4% 8% Dangerous tools: 14% 18% Dust, fumes, gas: 21% 26% Extreme cold, heat: 16% 22%Driven partly by prod. technology
Qualitative: Hazards are minor in nature but
not negligible
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8Photo Credit: Salima Village 1 Participant Number 5.
Excessive working hours and education
Quantitative: Limited impacts on “excessive”
working hours Pronounced improvements in
schooling (next presentation)
Qualitative (Malawi): Parents prioritize work only in
case of real need
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Perceptions, gender, and on the job learning (Malawi qual)
Mixed perceptions of economic activities, but mostly positive: Pride Opportunities Coercion
Pronounced gender pattern in household chores Male siblings Learning experience
Photo Credit: Salima Village 1 Participant Number 4.
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Broader changes in child wellbeing Illness or injury Malawi: slight reduction Zambia: unchanged
Material wellbeing Blanket: Malawi: 36% 60% Zambia: 81% 94% Similar for pair of shoes & for 2 sets of clothes
Photo Credit: Salima Village 3 Participant Number 4.
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Conclusions
Children part of household production and investment Substitution determines net impacts Household investment can affect exposure to hazards Households take hazards and education seriously Limited on the job learning & downsides of child work not negligible Overall program impact on children likely to be positive
Reflections on mixed methods:Quant for impactsQual for context and depth
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Photo Credit: Mangochi Village 3 Participant Number 5.
Thank you