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In the name of In the name of GODGOD
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The heartThe heart Terminology Terminology Definition Definition Position Position Chambers Chambers Layers Layers External featuresExternal features Internal features Internal features Coverings Coverings Vessels Vessels NervesNerves Imaging Imaging Surface anatomy Surface anatomy
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The heart : TerminologyThe heart : Terminology
Heart Heart Cor-Cor- Cardiac & Cardio- Cardiac & Cardio-
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The heart : Definition The heart : Definition
A hollow A hollow muscularmuscular cone cone located in the middle located in the middle MediastinumMediastinum, covered with a , covered with a fibro-serousfibro-serous covering covering ((pericardiumpericardium) which acts as a ) which acts as a double-pumpdouble-pump
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The heart : PositionThe heart : Position
Depends on age, sex, stature, Depends on age, sex, stature, respiration & posturerespiration & posture
Over the diaphragm (central t.)Over the diaphragm (central t.) Located in the middle Located in the middle
Mediastinum thus:Mediastinum thus: Behind the meso-sternumBehind the meso-sternum 22ndnd to 6 to 6thth costal cartilage costal cartilage T4-T8 vertebraeT4-T8 vertebrae
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The heart : PositionThe heart : Position
1/3 in right, 2/3 in left1/3 in right, 2/3 in left Conical shapeConical shape
lies obliquely in the chestlies obliquely in the chest lies at 45 degree anglelies at 45 degree angle about size of enclosed fist about size of enclosed fist
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The heart : PositionThe heart : Position
Conical shape thus:Conical shape thus: An apex & An apex & A baseA base
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The heart : The heart : External External featuresfeatures
4 surface 4 surface A baseA base An apexAn apex 4 border4 border SulciSulci
AV (coronary)AV (coronary) Inter-ventricularInter-ventricular Inter-atrialInter-atrial Sub-epicardial Fat Sub-epicardial Fat
Auricles Auricles
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The heart : PositionThe heart : Position
Apex: in left 5Apex: in left 5thth space medial space medial to mid-clavicular lineto mid-clavicular line
Apex beat: Apex beat:
PMI=point of maximum PMI=point of maximum impulseimpulse
Apex is in ant., inferior & leftApex is in ant., inferior & left
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Conical Conical shapeshape
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Apex Apex & & BaseBase
Base____________Base____________
AApex _____pex _____________________________
Note: A position other than the anatomical position Note: A position other than the anatomical position
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___Apex___ApexBase________Base________
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ApexApex
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4 Surfaces4 Surfaces
Anterior (Sternocostal)Anterior (Sternocostal) Left Left Inferior (Diaphragmatic)Inferior (Diaphragmatic) Right Right Base (posterior surface)Base (posterior surface)
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Anterior (Sternocostal)Anterior (Sternocostal)surfacesurface
RA (& right auricle), RV & LV (a part of )RA (& right auricle), RV & LV (a part of ) From LA only its auricleFrom LA only its auricle SulcusSulcus
AV (coronary) : right partAV (coronary) : right part Ant. InterventricularAnt. Interventricular
Pulmonary trunk (emerge from RV )Pulmonary trunk (emerge from RV ) Aorta (its origin from LV Is phantom)Aorta (its origin from LV Is phantom) Outflow tract Outflow tract SVC & IVCSVC & IVC
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AAnntteerriioor r
SSuurrFFaaccee
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AAnntteerriioor r
SSuurrFFaaccee
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AAnntteerriioor r
SSuurrFFaaccee
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Inferior surface Inferior surface
4 chambers4 chambers All sulciAll sulci Crux of the Crux of the
heartheart All veins & All veins &
arteries arteries
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Inferior surfaceInferior surface (Crux of the heart) (Crux of the heart)
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Right surface Right surface
RVRV RA (& auricle)RA (& auricle) AV sulcus AV sulcus 2 pulmonary 2 pulmonary
veinsveins Outflow tract Outflow tract SVC & IVCSVC & IVC
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Left surfaceLeft surface
LVLV LA (& auricle)LA (& auricle) AV sulcus AV sulcus 2 pulmonary 2 pulmonary
veinsveins Outflow tract Outflow tract
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Left surfaceLeft surface
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4 Borders of the heart4 Borders of the heart
Right Right LeftLeft Inferior Inferior superiorsuperior
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4 4 BBoorrddeerrss
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The heart : ChambersThe heart : Chambers
Two Atrium (Atria)Two Atrium (Atria) Two VentriclesTwo Ventricles Divided from each other by septa & Divided from each other by septa &
valvesvalves Septa: between similar chambersSepta: between similar chambers Valves: between different chambersValves: between different chambers
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External External featuresfeatures
Four chambersFour chambers 2 atria2 atria 2 ventricles2 ventricles
AuriclesAuricles Major veinsMajor veins
Superior & inferior Superior & inferior vena cavavena cava
Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins
Major arteriesMajor arteries AortaAorta Pulmonary trunkPulmonary trunk
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External External featuresfeatures
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Anterior (Sternocostal) surfaceAnterior (Sternocostal) surface
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Chambers of the Heart Chambers of the Heart – Two Atrium (Atria)– Two Atrium (Atria)
Right and Left (RA & LA)Right and Left (RA & LA) Divided from each other by interatrial Divided from each other by interatrial
septum (internally) & sulcus (externally)septum (internally) & sulcus (externally) Divided from ventricles by atrio-Divided from ventricles by atrio-
ventricular valves (AV valves) (internally) ventricular valves (AV valves) (internally) & sulcus (externally)& sulcus (externally)
Receiving chambersReceiving chambers Each has an Each has an auricleauricle
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interatriainteratrial sulcusl sulcus
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AV sulcusAV sulcus
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Chambers of the Heart - Chambers of the Heart - VentriclesVentricles
Right and Left (RV & LV)Right and Left (RV & LV) Muscular wallsMuscular walls Pumping ChambersPumping Chambers Separated Internally by Interventricular Separated Internally by Interventricular
SeptumSeptum Externally by Externally by Interventricular SulcusInterventricular Sulcus
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Inter-ventricular SulcusInter-ventricular Sulcus
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Inter-ventricular septum Inter-ventricular septum & Sulcus& Sulcus
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Interventricular SeptumInterventricular Septum
Actually belong to LV because:Actually belong to LV because: 1- Its thickness1- Its thickness 2- Its continuity 2- Its continuity
LV is circular in sectionLV is circular in section RV is crescent in sectionRV is crescent in section
3- Its function3- Its function Contracts toward the lumen of LVContracts toward the lumen of LV
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Interventricular SeptumInterventricular Septum
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The sulciThe sulci
Filled with fatFilled with fat Cardiac vessels lies between these fatCardiac vessels lies between these fat And the pericardium smoothen their And the pericardium smoothen their
surface surface
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Sub-epicardial Fat Sub-epicardial Fat
Function Function
smooth surfacesmooth surface Its not a energy source unlessIts not a energy source unless
The end stages of fastingThe end stages of fasting
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Fat____________Fat____________
Sulcus_____Sulcus_____
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If the If the fat fat removeremoveddMajor Coronary Major Coronary
vessels appearvessels appear
Which lies in the Which lies in the sulcisulci
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Double-pumpDouble-pump
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A pump in which the apex A pump in which the apex move toward the basemove toward the base
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The heart : Internal features The heart : Internal features
AtriaAtria Smooth surfaceSmooth surface Rough surface (pectinate muscles)Rough surface (pectinate muscles)
VentriclesVentricles Smooth surfaceSmooth surface Rough surface (trabeculae carnii)Rough surface (trabeculae carnii)
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Internal features of RAInternal features of RA
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AtriaAtria Smooth Smooth
surfacesurface Rough Rough
surface surface (pectinate (pectinate muscles)muscles)
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Internal Internal featurefeatures of RAs of RA
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Internal Internal featurefeatures of RAs of RA
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Internal features of RVInternal features of RVBoundary Boundary between between Smooth Smooth &&Rough Rough areasareas
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VentriclesVentricles Smooth Smooth
surfacesurface Rough surface Rough surface
(trabeculae (trabeculae carnii)carnii)
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Rough Rough surfacesurface
RidgeRidge Bridge Bridge Papillary Papillary
muscle muscle
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Papillary musclePapillary muscle
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Papillary musclePapillary muscle
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Papillary musclePapillary muscle
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Papillary Papillary musclemuscle
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Papillary musclePapillary muscle
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Dirctioon: Why?Dirctioon: Why?
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Some Some myocardiamyocardial bundles l bundles end at end at Papillary Papillary musclesmuscles
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Internal features of LVInternal features of LV
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Aortic Aortic vestibulevestibule
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Aortic Aortic vestibulevestibule
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Internal Internal features features of LAof LA
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Interventricular SeptumInterventricular Septum
A thick muscularA thick muscular portionportion
A membraneous A membraneous portion:portion:
Interventricular partInterventricular part
Atrioventricular partAtrioventricular part
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IImmppoorrttaannccee
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ValvesValves
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ValvesValves
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