Project Number: 37091
October 2010
IND: Agribusiness Infrastructure Development
Investment Program
Initial Environmental Examination
This report has been submitted to ADB by the Department of Agriculture, Bihar and Department of
Cooperation, Marketing and Textile in Maharashtra and is made publicly available in accordance with
ADB’s public communications policy (2005). It does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB.
Prepared for Department of Agriculture in Bihar and Department of Cooperation, Marketing
and Textile; and Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board in Maharashtra
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List of Abbreviations
Agri Infrastructure Development Project AIDP
Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee APMC
Asian Development Bank ADB
Bihar State Pollution Control Board BSPCB
Central Ground Water Board CGWB
Central Pollution Control Board CPCB
Department of Agriculture DOA
Environmental Impact Assessment EIA
Effluent Treatment Plant ETP
Environment Protection Act EPA
Environmental Management Plan EMP
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Planning HACCP
Indian Road Congress IRC
Initial Environmental Examination IEE
Integrated Value Chain IVC
Kilolitres Per Day KLD
Lethal Concentration LC
Lethal Dose LD
Litres Per Day LPD
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board MPCB
Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board MSAMB
Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS
Mechanised Aerobic Composting MAC
Municipal Solid Waste MSW
Project Management Unit PMU
Right of Way ROW
State Level Agency for Infrastructure
Development in Bihar SAID
Town & Country Planning Office TCPO
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Table of Contents
Section A: Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1
Section B: Policy Legal and Administrative Framework ................................................................................ 6
Section C: Description of the Project .......................................................................................................... 10
a) Area and Focus Commodities Covered ........................................................................................... 13
b) Components and Sub-Components of the Project ......................................................................... 13
Section D: Description of the Environment ................................................................................................ 17
Section E: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................. 20
b) Environmental Effects of Development .......................................................................................... 20
1. Impact on Air Environment ..................................................................................................... 24
2. Impact on Water Environment ............................................................................................... 26
3. Impact on Soil Environment .................................................................................................... 28
Section F: Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation ........................................................... 33
a) Public Consultation ......................................................................................................................... 33
b) Information Disclosure .................................................................................................................... 34
c) Participation .................................................................................................................................... 35
Section G: Grievance Redress Mechanism ................................................................................................. 36
Section H: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ................................................................... 38
Section I: Conclusion and Recommendation .............................................................................................. 44
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List of Tables
TABLE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................................................................................... 3
TABLE 2 COST OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EMP ................................................................................................................ 6
TABLE 3 GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD AND FOCUS COMMODITIES OF IDENTIFIED INTEGRATED VALUE CHAINS (IVC) ..... 13
TABLE 4 COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT IN MUZAFFARPUR REGION, BIHAR ......................... 14
TABLE 5 COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT IN NALANDA REGION, BIHAR ................................. 15
TABLE 6 METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF ZONE OF INFLUENCE - BIHAR ........................................................................... 18
TABLE 7 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN BIHAR .................................................................................. 20
TABLE 8 SITE SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS IN BIHAR ........................................................................................................ 21
TABLE 9 TRAFFIC ASSESSMENT IN BIHAR .................................................................................................................... 24
TABLE 10 ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICALS USED IN THE PROPOSED FACILITIES IN BIHAR................................................ 25
TABLE 11 ASSESSMENT OF WATER REQUIREMENT - BIHAR ......................................................................................... 27
TABLE 12: REPRESENTATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE IN APMC AND VEGETABLES MARKET ................. 28
TABLE 13 ESTIMATION OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION AT VARIOUS HUB AND SPOKE LOCATIONS IN BIHAR .............. 28
TABLE 14 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 29
TABLE 15 SALIENT POINTS RAISED BY STAKEHOLDERS DURING PUBLIC CONSULTATION ........................................... 33
TABLE 16 CONTACT DETAILS OF DISTRICT MAGISTRATES OF CONCERNED DISTRICTS FOR GRIEVANCE REDRESS ..... 36
TABLE 17 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT, MITIGATIVE MEASURES AND MONITORING AGENCY .................... 38
TABLE 18 COST OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS .............................................................................................. 41
TABLE 19 COST OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 42
TABLE 20 SUMMARY OF COST OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EMP ..................................................................................... 43
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: RELATIVE LOCATION OF HUB AND SPOKES IN BIHAR IVCS .......................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 2: GAYA APMC - TRADERS SHOPS (NOT IN USE) ........................................................................................................ 47
FIGURE 3: BUXER APMC - CLOSED WAREHOUSE ................................................................................................................... 47
FIGURE 4: MUSALLAPUR APMC - HAPHAZARD PARKING FOR UNLOADING GOODS ....................................................................... 48
FIGURE 5: NOKHA APMC - ABANDONED STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................ 48
FIGURE 6: DALSINGH SARAI APMC - ABANDONED STRUCTURE AND OPEN LAND ......................................................................... 49
FIGURE 7: BEGUSARAI APMC - WAREHOUSING ..................................................................................................................... 49
FIGURE 8: MUZZAFARPUR APMC - TRADERS' SHOPS .............................................................................................................. 50
FIGURE 9: SAMASTIPUR APMC - WAREHOUSING ................................................................................................................... 50
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Section A: Executive Summary
1. Agribusiness Infrastructure Development Project (AIDP) is aimed at addressing three main
constraints to agriculture growth- outdated technologies; lack of public investment in basic
infrastructure and limited diversification. Taking into account the Integrated Value Chain
(IVC) approach, the program targets improving physical and institutional linkages along
agricultural value chains through support of agribusiness market infrastructure; support
infrastructure like last mile roads, power, water; systems relating to market intelligence;
and, capacity building and strengthening/establishing value chain linkages. Hub and spoke
model was adopted for proposed development of market linkages from producer to
consumer.
2. Two value chains were selected in the state of Bihar based on the key crops in the
respective region. Select crops of Litchi, Mango and Banana for Muzaffarpur region with
one hub and four spoke locations and potato and assorted vegetables for Nalanda region
with one hub and six spoke locations.
3. Two value chains were selected in the state of Maharashtra based on the key crops in the
respective region. Select crops of Pomegranate, grapes, Banana, Tomato and Onion for
Nashik region with one hub and eight spoke locations and crops of Sweet Lime, Kesar
Mango, Orange, Lemon and Banana in the Amaravati – Aurangabad region with one hub
and five spoke locations. This IEE covers only the investments in Bihar as investments in
Maharashtra will be covered under subsequent tranches.
4. Various facilities comprising of a suitable mix of pack house, cold storages, warehouses,
ripening chambers, grading and sorting facilities, fumigation facilities along with support
infrastructure for business center, shops, auction platforms, canteen, power back up,
wastewater treatment and solid waste management facility have been proposed under the
project.
5. Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board (MSAMB) is designated nodal agency in
the state of Maharashtra for this project. Department of Agriculture (DoA) will be
designated by the Bihar Government. At present, Horticulture Department of the Ministry
of Agriculture is coordinating the activities under this project in Bihar
6. Bihar state agricultural department has decided to allocate land parcels of erstwhile
Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) for proposed development.
Accordingly, Initial Environmental Examination has been carried out for specific locations
in Bihar while a framework for environmental assessment has been suggested for
Maharashtra.
7. Stakeholder consultations were conducted during the phase of data collection to record
concerns of farmers, commission agents and traders involved in the value chains.
Subsequently, environmental expert visited sites in October 2009 to assess site specific
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impacts. State government officers and prospective investors were consulted in respective
forums on commercial, legal and environmental aspects of the proposed development.
8. This study has been carried out within the legal environmental framework in India and
ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. Important laws governing the development have
been briefly discussed in this study viz. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the Environment
Protection Act, 1986. In addition to these acts, Hazardous Waste Storage and Handling
Rules, 1991 and EIA Rules, 2006 are other significant legislations. Siting guidelines for
infrastructure project prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) have been
briefly discussed.
9. Pre-Construction Phase Impacts: Among expected environmental impacts during Pre-
Construction phase are impacts related to site selection and improper design. As a general
principle, sites involving Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R) should be avoided. In case
of Bihar, since similar activities were operational at proposed sites, impacts are limited to
minor relocation and disruption in activities. Impacts due to improper design could be
averted by following good design practices and prevailing regulatory norms. Where for last
mile connectivity or for approach to facility, roads are to be constructed, land acquisition
should avoid R&R issues and design should suit the estimated traffic volumes.
10. Construction Phase Impacts: Among construction phase impacts are dust and noise
pollution due to excavation and transportation of loose soil; soil pollution due to solid
waste from labour camp and discarded concrete and shuttering material. Prohibiting night
work, water supply and sanitation facilities for labour camp and inclusion of appropriate
conditions of contracts are suggested mitigative measures.
11. Operations Phase Impacts: Ambient air pollution due to traffic, indoor air pollution due to
fumigation, water pollution due to sewage and ripening chemicals, solid waste generation
due to spillage of material and discarding damaged material are some of the prominent
impacts. Specific Mitigative measures have been recommended for each of the impacts
identified in the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).
12. Grievance Redress Mechanism: Three tier Grievance Redress mechanism has been
suggested. Since agriculture department is the main concessionaire of the project, this
department will be the first tier for any complaints against the concessionaire (developer).
District Magistrate of each district is authority for hearing all plaints arising of revenue
land and hence has been suggested as the second tier. At state level, both Bihar and
Maharashtra have Grievances Cell headed by the Chief Secretary of the state. This will be
the third and highest level tier for redress before matter going to civil court of Law. In
addition to the information disclosed, people can avail information under Right to
Information Act, 2005.
13. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Following table summarizes EMP.
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Table 1 Environmental Management Plan
Phase Potential Impact Mitigative Measure Monitoring
Pre-
Construction
Phase
Siting – Rehabilitation
and Resettlement (R&R)
of residential or business
establishments, religious
structures, archeological
structures, historical
monuments or sites close
to national highways,
major rivers, protected
forests not meeting siting
norms laid down by the
regulators
Site selected by developer
in case of Maharashtra
should meet regulatory
norms for siting and
should not involve any
R&R. Site should have
clear title and minimum
13 years title search
should be conducted to
ensure that no dubious
records exist on site.
Project management
unit (PMU) of DoA
assisted by
Consultants should
verify records, conduct
site visits and approve
site
Design defects that may
cause environmental
impacts for project
interventions as well as
support infrastructure
Many design stage
defects cause
environmental impacts
due to non compliance to
the norms and good
engineering practices.
Designs should be as per
norms laid down by
concerned authorities
such as Indian Road
Congress (IRC), Town &
Country Planning Office
(TCPO), Central
Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), Bureau of
Energy Efficiency (BEE)
etc.
Consult local people for
incorporating their past
experiences and concerns
PMU should verify the
designs and approve
before construction
commences
Construction
Phase
Air and noise pollution
due to dust and
suspended particulates
Good engineering
practices such as
watering/covering lose
soil during transportation
Restricting speed of
trucks carrying soil, and
cement to 25 kmph
Restriction of working
hours from 8 am to 8 pm
so that no work related
noise pollution at night
Tender specifications
to include appropriate
mitigative clauses as
conditions of contract
Solid waste and water
pollution due to
construction activities
Labour camp is the main
source of pollution during
construction phase.
Proper water supply and
Tender specifications
to include appropriate
Mitigative clauses as
conditions of contract
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sanitation facilities and
housekeeping at the
labour camp should be
provided by the
contractor
Discarding excess
material such as set
concrete, bitumen,
shuttering material, cut
pieces waste causes soil
pollution if not removed
by the contractor
Surface water runoff
carries fuel and chemicals
spill over and
contaminate streams.
Proper impervious base
should be provided in the
store of fuel and chemical
Operations
phase
Ambient Air Pollution Ambient air pollution
during operation phase
may cause due to idling
of vehicles during loading
and unloading. Spacious
planning and provision
for docking of lorries will
reduce ambient air
pollution
Gen set should have stack
of adequate height and
acoustic enclosure
Master plan approved
by the PMU/DOA
should have adequate
provision for docking/
parking of vehicles
Indoor Air Pollution Storage of ripening and
fumigation chemicals
should meet Hazardous
waste storage and
handling rules.
Adequate protective gear
should be provided to the
staff working in ripening
chamber and fumigation
to prevent human
exposure to fumes and
gasses
Staff should be trained to
handle and provide first
aid to affected person in
case of accident
emergency. First aid
facility should be
periodically checked for
Make it mandatory for
operators to have
Hazard Analysis and
Critical Control Point
(HACCP) certification
and DOA should
periodically check
validity of the
certificate so that
Standard Operating
Procedures and Good
Operating Practices
would be followed
reducing indoor air
pollution
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validation
Water Pollution Wastewater treatment
plant should be provided
for treatment of
wastewater
Developer/ Operator to
maintain valid consent
to establish all the
time, developer should
be asked to provide
separate energy meter
for Effluent Treatment
Plant (ETP) and the
bills should be
periodically checked
by DOA for power
consumption.
Developer should
periodically send
samples of treated
wastewater and submit
reports to DOA and if
reports fail to meet the
norms prescribed by
the BSPCB, the
developer would be
responsible to take
necessary corrective
action
Soil Pollution Solid waste generated in
proposed activity would
be highly biodegradable.
Therefore depending
upon the quantum of solid
waste, and availability of
land, either composting or
biomethanation should be
provided
Metal scrap, waste paper,
plastic and glass should
be sold to the scrap dealer
for recycling
Tender specifications
to include appropriate
mitigative clauses as
conditions of contract
14. Cost of Implementation of EMP: Mitigation of expected impacts would have explicit cost
primarily for wastewater treatment, solid waste management and for providing protective
gears to the staff for occupational safety. Certain costs of mitigation such as cost to comply
with good engineering practices and energy efficient equipment will be embedded in the
cost of respective items and hence has not been considered in the cost of implementation of
EMP. Similarly, cost of land required for wastewater treatment plant and solid waste
management system will be merged with the cost of land for entire project intervention.
Following table summarizes cost of EMP implementation.
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Table 2 Cost of Implementation of EMP
Integrated
Value Chain
Cost of water
pollution
control
Cost of solid
waste
management
Cost of
other EMP Total Remarks
Muzaffarpur
Region 11.81 28.86 3.5 44.17
Chemical usage at
5 locations
Nalanda
Region 14.00 87.64 1.5 103.14
Chemical usage at
2 locations
Bihar Total 25.81 116.50 5.00 147.31
All figures in Rs. million
15. Expected negative environmental impacts of the proposed development are minor,
reversible and could be avoided with implementation of EMP. Positive impacts of the
project in terms of expected prevention of agriculture produce wastage, value addition and
related enhancement of farmers‟ income, possible creation of employment opportunities far
too outweigh negative impacts. Therefore it is recommended to approve the project.
Section B: Introduction and Policy Legal and Administrative Framework
16. This Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) was prepared according to India‟s regulatory
framework for environmental impact assessment, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
and Rules made therein, the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006; and two
beneficiary state environmental regulations, as well as Asian Development Bank‟s (ADB)
Safeguard Policy Statement (June 2009).
.
17. The Agribusiness Infrastructure Development Investment Program (AIDIP) is aimed at
addressing three main constraints to agricultural growth- outdated technologies; lack of
public investment in market infrastructure and limited diversification into higher value
crops. The program will adopt an Integrated Value Chain approach with targets of
improving physical and institutional linkages along agricultural value chains through
support for agribusiness market infrastructure; linking infrastructure like last mile roads,
power, water; market information and intelligence; and, capacity building and
strengthening value chain linkages in selected regions in the States of Bihar and
Maharashtra
18. Integrated Value Chains (IVC) envisaged in the program would comprise of crops and
agriculture commodities that prevail in the selected districts within each State. IVC‟s
consist of producers and market chain stakeholders cooperating to supply products that
consumers demand in a manner that increasingly maximizes the value to all stakeholders
including producers. The program will invest in physical infrastructure and capacity
building to provide linkages and logistical coordination from farm gate to the consumer so
as to a) improve handling of commodities, b) enhance value at each stage of the value chain
and c) reduce wastage such that farm gate returns are improved from a greater proportion
7
of output reaching final consumption, higher consumer prices from improved quality. The
program will be implemented from November 2010 to December 2017, and will be
financed through a Multi-tranche Financing Facility (MFF) of $170 million which is
currently envisaged to comprise of four tranches, with two tranches for each State. The
program includes two main components (i) support for integrated value chains; and (ii)
institutional development and program management. Tranche 1 includes investments in
Bihar and this study comprises the IEE for the investments proposed in Bihar. An
Environmental Assessment and Review Framework has been prepared to guide the review
and assessment of subsequent tranches in this Program.
19. Environmental legislation and regulation in India is spread over several Acts and
notifications. However, three important Acts control the environments viz. The Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 popularly known as The “Water Act”, The
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 popularly known as the “Air Act” and
the Environment Protection (EP) Act, 1986.
20. The Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act, 1981
a) Monitoring agencies, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Level
Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) were constituted under the provisions of the
„Water Act‟.
b) These Acts have delegated powers to the SPCB to cut power and water supply of the
polluting industries. Under the provisions of these Acts, „occupier‟ of the polluting
industry could be jailed for not meeting the water and air discharge norms prescribed
by the authorities from time to time.
c) Under these Acts, project proponents of any new project or expansion of existing
project should obtain „Consent to Establish‟ before physical activity begins and
„Consent to Operate‟ before the operations commence. In additions, „Environmental
Statement‟ should be filed annually giving details of emissions and pollution loads
and pollution prevention measures.
21. Environment Protection Act, 1986
a) This Act is considered as an umbrella Act. Various rules have been notified by the
Government of India under the provisions of this Act. Some of these include as
Hazardous Waste Handling and Disposal rules, Hazardous Chemicals Storage and
Handling Rules, Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 1991, EIA (Environmental
Impact Assessment) Notification of 1994 amended in 2006.
b) EIA Notification of 14 September 2006 has categorized polluting projects in
Category A and B based on spatial based on the spatial extent of potential impacts
and potential impacts on human health and natural and manmade resources. Category
A projects have to obtain Environmental Clearance (EC) from the Central
Environmental Impact Assessment Authority. Category B projects are further
8
categorized in B1 and B2. B1 projects should obtain EC from the State
Environmental Impact Assessment Authority. Category B2 projects do not need EC. c) All projects should obtain Consent to Operate and Consent to Establish from State
Pollution Control Boards irrespective of whether they need EC or otherwise.
22. Siting Criteria Delineated by MOEF: Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has
issued siting criteria for all industrial projects as follows:
(a) As far as possible prime agricultural land/forest land may not be converted into an
industrial site.
(b) Land acquired should be minimum but sufficient to provide for a green belt wherein
the treated wastewater, if possible/suitable, could be utilized from wastewater
treatment systems.
(c) Enough space may be provided for storing solid wastes. The space and the waste can
be made available for possible reuse in future.
(d) Layout and form of the project must conform to the landscape of the area without
unduly affecting the scenic features of that place.
(e) Associated township of the project if any to be created must provide for space for
phyto- graphic barrier between the project and the township and should take into
account predominant wind direction.
(f) Coastal Areas: at least 1/2 km from the high tide line (within 0.5 km of High Tide
Line (HTL), specified activities as per CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone) notification,
1991 are permitted) (The HTL is to be delineated by the authorized agency only).
(g) Estuaries: At least 200 meters from the estuary boundaries.
(h) Flood Plains of the Riverine systems: at least 500 meters from flood plain or modified
flood plain or by flood control systems.
(i) Transport/Communication System: at least 500 meters from highway and railway.
(j) Major Settlements (3,00,000 population) at least 25 km from the projected growth
boundary of the settlement.
23. Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs): Of the some 200 MEAs currently in
force, those with particular relevance for agriculture include the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
However, all these agreements deal with the agricultural practices and chemicals used in
farms. However, since the proposed interventions are for agri-infrastructure in Integrated
Value Chain (IVC) for post harvest value preservation and reduction of wastage, none of
the MEAs are likely to be triggered.
24. Institutional set up for monitoring and enforcement of environmental regulation in the State
of Bihar comprises of Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) and Bihar State
Environmental Impact Assessment Authority. Both these institutions have their head
quarters at the state capital Patna.
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25. Private partner selected through competitive bidding process („Project Developer‟) would
be responsible for compliance to environmental regulations for the proposed interventions.
Bidding process would ensure that the Project Developer has adequate in-house
institutional capacity for environmental compliance or has access and resources to
outsource advisory agency to assist the Project Developer in complying with the
environmental regulations.
26. In case of Bihar, Project Developer would need to obtain Consent to Establish (CtE)
application soon after the land is transferred to him by the Bihar Government and master
plan for the facility is approved by the concerned planning authority but before
commencement of construction. Once the application is processed by BSPCB, they will
check if Environmental Clearance (EC) requirement is triggered and if so whether EC from
state or central authority is required. In case of proposed interventions most likely the
BSPCB would categorize the sub-projects at Spoke locations as B2 which would not need
EC. Sub projects at hub locations may be categorized as B1 in which case the Consent to
Establish will be issued only after EC from the state authority which may take about 6
months
27. After CtE and EC (where required) is obtained, Project Developer can complete physical
work and then apply for Consent to Operate (CtO). In this process, BSPCB shall verify that
the facility has been established as stated in the CtE and that all conditions have been
fulfilled, then issue the CtO
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Section C: Description of the Project
28. AIDP is aimed at addressing three main constraints to agriculture growth- outdated
technologies; lack of public investment in basic infrastructure and limited diversification.
Taking into account the Integrated Value Chain (IVC) approach, the program targets
improving physical and institutional linkages along agricultural value chains through
support of agribusiness market infrastructure; support infrastructure like last mile roads,
power, water; systems relating to market intelligence; and, capacity building and
strengthening/establishing value chain linkages.
29. The intent of the program is to achieve accelerated investment in agriculture and to support
related infrastructure in rural areas, along the Integrated Value Chains. The interventions
may target several or all of the following:
a) Aggregation facilities
b) Sorting, grading, packaging
c) Storage (ambient and controlled temperature)
d) Value addition and market intelligence
e) Distribution facilities including logistics
f) Value chains for end-to-end linkages
30. Project interventions have been configured in Hub and Spoke model in such a way that
commodities grown in a geographic region of identified value chains could be collected as
close to the field as possible for preservation and enhancement of value.
31. The program includes two main components (i) support for integrated value chains; and
(ii) institutional development and program management
32. Component 1: Support for Integrated Value Chains. The component will support the
strengthening and/or establishment of agribusiness and marketing infrastructure and
institutional linkages among the IVC stakeholders for horticultural high value crops
(HVCs). Through basic and agribusiness infrastructure within market yards, linking
infrastructure to ensure connectivity and basic utilities services along the VC, strengthening
and/or establishing of backward VC linkages, and technical skills development along the
VC, the component will ensure that the marketing infrastructure are linked to basic utilities
services and producers so that more efficient IVC‟s develop. The component includes the
following sub-components:
Rehabilitation and/or building of basic infrastructure for market site
development, operated by private sector operator on a public private partnership
11
(PPP) basis, such as internal roads, solid waste management systems, boundary
walls, water drainage and water supply facility, etc.;
Rehabilitation and/or building of agribusiness infrastructure, operated by
private sector operator on a PPP basis, such as pre-cooling facilities,
transportation, washing and ripening facilities, grading & sorting, packaging
facilities, information technology systems, and ambient and controlled
temperature storage1;
Establishment of linking infrastructure along the value chain, i.e. infrastructure
to service the IVC with basic utilities (such as power supply linkages, and water
connections) and to increase the IVC connectivity through roads (such as rural
roads to production areas, and access roads to markets). Government line
departments will develop any linking infrastructure needed, financing it through
existing government schemes or through the AIDIP when no government schemes
are available;
Strengthening and/or establishment of backward linkages to the production
areas so that producers are linked to the IVCs. To take advantage of value
addition options and improved marketing efficiency, small farmers must
coordinate their decisions, aggregate their produce, and improve product quality.
To develop farmers' capacity or knowledge to operate beyond the farm gate level,
the Program will mobilize and organize small producers into farmers'
organizations and will provide farmers with training in value addition options to
improve their production and marketing decisions, increase their marketing
efficiency, and raise their profitability; and
IVC Capacity Development will address through training the need for enhancing
the capability along the IVC on technical and management skills to operate and
maintain efficient IVCs. The training activities will be outsourced to specialized
service providers according to the needs which will determined by the equipment
bought and the facilities established along the IVC. Some of the training will be
purchased jointly with the highly specialized equipment
1 More commercial components might be leveraged by the establishment of IVCs and developed around the IVCs by
private sector operators, which will be free to avail any subsidy, as applicable, from existing government schemes, but they won’t qualify under the AIDIP.
12
33. These sub-components are mutually supportive and will promote the
establishment of partnerships and linkages among stakeholders along the traditional VC,
including farmers, processors, agribusiness entrepreneurs and service providers, which
together with the infrastructural support will help form modern IVCs.
Component 2: Institutional Development and Program Management
34. To have sound project and PPP contract management systems in place, project
management units (PMU) in each state will provide implementation support, consisting of
staff, office facilities and equipment, consulting services, and liaison and development
coordination with other ministries and donors. Baseline surveys, and regular monitoring
and evaluation will be undertaken. PMUs will establish and maintain a project website to
disclose information about project activities, including procurement procedures and results.
A technical advisory group (TAG) will be engaged by each PMU throughout the entire
project implementation cycle to ensure that the PPP transactions for the establishment of
the IVC infrastructure are successfully completed with their implementation monitored.
The role and responsibilities of the TAG will include the following functions: (i)
management of the entire bid process, from marketing of the projects, inviting expression
of interest for both Request For Qualifications and Request For Proposals stages,
evaluation of the bids and selection of private operator (concessionaire), (ii) recruiting
requisite domain experts as per agreed Term of References, (iii) Monitoring and Evaluation
(M&E) of IVCs implementation, during construction and operations, (iv) planning and
implementation the of capacity building and training programs along the IVC, and (v)
preparation of subsequent MFF tranches.
35. The impact of the investment program will be increased margins for all
stakeholders across IVCs for horticulture products, attracting investments into
diversification into high value crops (HVC), and value addition of horticultural HVCs, in
selected regions of Bihar and Maharashtra. The program outcome will be the establishment
of 10 or more efficient IVCs for horticultural HVCs, managed by private sector investors
and linked to organized small scale farmers (in the form of groups associations and/or
producers companies). The outcome of the program will be delivered through 8 Public
Private Partnership contracts, leveraging private sector investment into and management of
agribusiness and marketing infrastructure, on publicly owned land within geographically
linked spokes and hubs each of which provide collection services, grading, packaging,
storing, processing and cold storage facilities to a range of high value horticultural
products. The hub and spoke model takes into account existing VCs players and resolves
them into the new, modern, and efficient VCs that employ the use of improved
infrastructure and systems.
13
36. A hub and spoke model has been recommended for the proposed interventions.
Hub locations are central market places well connected by rail and road while spoke
locations are closer to the producers from where agriculture commodities will be supplied
and then forwarded to hub locations after preliminary processes such as pre-cooling,
grading and washing. Based on the farmers‟ clusters and trade in the respective
commodities, towns and cities have been identified for hub and spoke locations. Requisite
facilities at each hub and spoke locations have also been identified.
37. The executing agencies for the Facility will be the Bihar Department of
Agriculture (DOA) and the Maharashtra Department of Cooperatives and Marketing. The
Implementing Agencies will be PMUs within the DOA in Bihar and the Maharashtra State
Agriculture Marketing Board (MSAMB) in Maharashtra. The IVC infrastructure, (i) and
(ii), described in paragraph 3, will be built and operated by private sector operators selected
through a competitive bidding process. The State PMUs will invite bids from private
developers to design, construct, operate and maintain (O&M) the IVC infrastructure and
will contract them on PPP basis at value chain level, with land provided by the government.
The market sites will typically include infrastructure for aggregation facilities; washing,
sorting grading and packing facilities; ripening chambers; storage space, distribution
facilities, solid waste and waste water management systems; and water supply facilities.
a) Area and Focus Commodities Covered
33. Depending upon the agricultural produce of the region, facilities at spoke and hub locations
have been configured so as to preserve and/or enhance value of the commodity. Two value
chains each were selected in Bihar and Maharashtra to be covered in the four tranches.
Geographical spread and focus commodities of these value chains in Bihar are presented in
the Table below:
Table 3 Geographical Spread and Focus Commodities of Identified Integrated Value
Chains (IVC)
Integrated Value
Chain (IVC)
Districts Covered Focus Commodities
Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga,
Vaishali, Samastipur,
Begusarai
Litchi, Mango, Banana,
Vegetables
Patna-Nalanda Patna, Nalanda, Buxar,
Sasaram, Gaya
Potato, Vegetables (cabbage,
cauliflower, cucurbits, onion,
tomato, okra etc.)
b) Components and Sub-Components of the Project
14
34. Sub components of each IVC are organized in Hub and Spoke model. Map of Bihar State
presented below shows Muzaffarpur as a hub and related spoke locations are indicated in
red and Nalanda as a hub and related spokes in south Bihar are shown in blue colour
Figure 1: Relative Location of Hub and Spokes in Bihar IVCs
35. Components of the project comprise of hub and spoke facilities while sub components in
each of these facilities have been tabulated below:
Table 4 Components and Sub-Components of the Project in Muzaffarpur Region,
Bihar
Bihar State
Muzaffarpur Region
Muzaffarpur
Hub
Hajipur
Spoke
Darbhanga
Spoke
Dalsinghsarai
Spoke
Begusarai
Spoke
Facilities
Pack house-Cold Chain Yes Yes No No No
Pack house-Ambient Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ripening Facility Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Potato Cold Store Yes No No No No
Dry Warehouse Yes Yes No Yes Yes
15
Onion Store Yes No No No Yes
Trading Platforms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Multi fruit processing Yes No No No No
Trading shops Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Business centre Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Canteen Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guesthouse Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Knowledge centre Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solid waste Mgmt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DG (Diesel Genset) room Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Water supply facility Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Parking Area Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Weigh bridge Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Toilets Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Table 5 Components and Sub-Components of the Project in Nalanda Region, Bihar
Bihar State – Nalanda
Region
Bihar Sharif –
Hub
Patna -
Spoke
Gaya -
Spoke
Arrah –
Spoke
Buxar –
Spoke
Nokha -
Spoke
Vegetable Packshed –
Ambient Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Trading Platforms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Warehouse Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Potato Cold Store Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Onion store Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ripening Chamber Yes Yes No No No No
Traders Shops Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guest House Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Business centre Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Knowledge centre Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Water Supply Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DG room Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Canteen Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solid waste management
area Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Parking Area Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Weighing Scale Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Toilets Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
36. Sub Components: Depending upon the commodity handled by the spoke location, various
activities proposed at various locations are described below. Detailed activities are listed in
the main report.
16
a. Pack House: Pack house facility has sorting and packing facility comprising of sorting
tables and conveyor belts. Pack house operating at ambient temperature would have
ventilation facility to maintain comfortable temperature by evacuating heat from the
working area. Pack house cold chain would have air conditioned pack house attached
with the cost storages.
b. Pre-coolers: Pre-coolers are refrigerated chambers where commodity is stored soon
after it is received. Temperature is maintained in the range from 6 to 15 degree
Celsius. Function of this facility is to reduce rate of bio-chemical activity in the
commodity such as bacterial growth and conversion of sucrose and starch to
compounds of lower molecular weight. Use of refrigerant and consumption of energy
are environmental aspects of this activity.
c. Cold Storages: Cold storages are also refrigerated chambers with temperatures
maintained between -20 (core) to 6 (anti-chamber) degree Celsius. Use of refrigerant
and consumption of energy are environmental aspects of this activity.
d. Dry Storages: Dry storages are warehouses where commodity is stored at ambient
temperature. Proper ventilation is maintained in dry storages. Minor solid waste
generated due to spillages and spoilt commodity.
e. Pre-Processing Line: Pre-processing activities involve washing, scrubbing, hot dip or
vapour treatment, fumigation, waxing, grading, desapping, dehanding, packing, etc.
Pre-processing line generates solid waste and may generate liquid waste depending
upon the operations. Fumigation may have accidental exposure of fumigant of the
workers.
f. Trading/Auction Platform: This is a facility where commodity is displayed for auction or
trading. Solid waste generation during multiple handling is the environmental aspect
of this operation.
g. Agri Input Shops: These are shops of small traders or service providers such as
suppliers of chemicals, suppliers of farm equipment and seeds, suppliers of market
accessories such as crates, packing material and spare parts.
h. Admin Block: Administrative building for the facility would house a small office of the
facility operator, regulatory agencies as applicable and offices of trader, knowledge
center, canteen, business center.
17
Section D: Description of the Environment
1. Physical Resources
37. Geographically, Bihar is in the extreme of northern front of Indian sub continent. These
include (i) the belt of Himalayn foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran, (ii)
the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rothas region,
(iv) the sporadic small Gondawana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura range
extending into large part of the area North of Chotanagapur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar
Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of
Chotanagapur Plateau. Nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed
of alluvium masks of the nature of basement rocks.
38. Bihar lies in the tropical to sub tropical region. It enjoys a continental monsoon type of
climate owing to its great distance from the sea. The climatic conditions of state vary with
its physiographic set-up. Broadly state can be divided into three climatic zones: (i) The sub
Himalayan zone, (ii) The Ganga plains zone and (iii) The parts of Chotanagar plaeau zones
of South Bihar. The sub Himalayan zone in the northern part of the state receives high
incidence of rainfall over 1400 mm, bulk of which is found to occur during the monsoon
season from June to September. The mean maximum temperature is 43 0C and the
minimum temperature is 40C. The Ganga plains zone forms an excessive bowl of warm air,
particularly during day time. The temperature in this zone varies between below 10 0C to
higher than 420C.
39. Bihar plane consists of a thick alluvial mantle of drift origin overlying in most part. The
Siwalik and older tertiary rocks, soil is mainly young loam rejuvenated every year by
constant deposition of silt, clay and sand brought by different streams. This soil is deficient
in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and humus, but potash and lime are usually present in
sufficient quantity.
40. The state is drained mainly by the river Bagmati and Ganges along with its tributaries.
These are Kosi, Son, Gandhak, Ghaghra and Falgu. The Son rivulet unites with the mighty
river Ganges in the midst of Patna. The river Kosi is dreadfully regarded as the 'Sorrow of
Bihar' as its rampant journey through the state of Bihar has led to cursed floods and
famines. The river Budhi Gandak after issuing from the Himalayas enters into the state of
Bihar and covers districts like east Champaner, Mujaffarpur, Samastipur and Khagaria.
41. As per Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, Bihar
contributes 66,352 MCM quantity of surface water to total surface water availability of
339,676 MCM available in Ganga, Subarnrekha and Brahmni basin.
42. Water level in the state varies considerably depending on geology, terrain and time of
measurement. South -West monsoon is the main source of ground water recharge.
18
Shallowest level is observed in the month of March, while the deepest is observed in the
measurement of May. 2. Ecological Resources
43. As per Environment and Forest Department, Govt. of Bihar total forest area of the state is
6473 sq. km contributing 6.87% of total geographical area of 94,163 sq. km. Forest cover
of the state is comprise of very dense forest covering 76 sq. km (0.08%), dense forest
covering 2951 sq. km (3.13%), and open forest covering 2531 sq. km (2.69%). Bihar has
one national park and 11 sanctuaries as well.
44. Ephemeral forests of the state are consist of scrub, grass and reeds. The deciduous forests
have bounty of floral specie viz. Shorea Robusta (Sal), Shisham, Cedrela Toona, Khair,
Semal, etc. Unique phyto geographical position, topography and good precipitation are
some important factors which are responsible for high degree of plant species. Bihar has
nearly 185 types of floral species. The jungles of Bihar abound in wildlife, though some of
the notable game animals and birds like tiger, deer, buffalo, duck, etc. are fast disappearing.
3. Socioeconomic Use of Physical and Ecological Resources
45. In Bihar, agriculture is the primary source of wealth hence utilization of resources is
focused in the agribusiness. Bihar lies in the tropical to sub tropical region and comprises a
vast stretch of very fertile flat land. Bihar is best suited for the production of principal
agricultural crops viz. rice, paddy, wheat, jute, maize and oil seeds. Cauliflower, cabbage,
tomato, radish, carrot, beat etc. are some of the vegetables grown in the state. Sugarcane,
potato and barley are some of the non-cereal crops grown.
4. Zone of Influence and Meteorological Baseline
46. As seen from the following table entire zone of influence of the proposed activities lies in
tropical region between 24.25N to 26.07 N and 83.00 E to 86.13 E.
Table 6 Meteorological Data of Zone of Influence - Bihar
South Bihar Geographic
Coordinates
Temperature 0 C Height
from Mean
Sea Level
Avg Annual
Rainfall
Latitude
N
Longitude
E
Highest Lowest Mts mm
Patna 25.61 85.14 35 12 53 1000
Nalanda 25.08 85.27 46 4 67 1200
Gaya 24.75 85.01 45 2 111 2140
Bhojpur 25.35 85.80 NA NA 53 300
Buxar 25.34 84.01 30 20 55 685
Rohtas 24.25 83.00 40 10 108 952
Nokha 25.12 84.15 38 12 52 952
19
North Bihar Geographic
Coordinates
Temperature 0 C Height
from Mean
Sea Level
Avg Annual
Rainfall
Latitude
N
Longitude
E
Highest Lowest Mts Mm
Muzaffarpur 26.07 85.27 40 6 170 1402
Vaishali 25.42 85.13 44 4 52 1200
Darbhanga 26.10 85.57 42 10 54 1142
Samastipur 25.85 85.78 42 10 55 1317
Begusarai 25.42 86.13 44 8 41 1063
Note: Vaishali is also known as Hajipur and Nalanda is also known as Bihar Sharif.
20
Section E: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
b) Environmental Effects of Development & Proposed Mitigation Measures
47. Proposed infrastructure interventions like any other infrastructure project would entail
selection of site, land development, design & engineering and construction of buildings &
other auxiliary facilities, selection, procurement and erection of various machinery and
equipment for processing, storage, and operation of the facilities. In case of Bihar, land
parcels for proposed development under tranche one have been identified, and expected
environmental impacts during pre construction, construction and operation phase are
represented below. All sites selected in Bihar are former market places and/or used for
similar purposes and new sites have not been identified.
48. Impact during pre-construction and construction phase of establishment are similar to all
spoke and hub locations in Bihar. Table Seven presents the generic impacts an Table 8
describes the site specific impacts. Operation phase impacts are the most significant in case
of proposed interventions and hence the same is discussed at length in subsequent sections.
Table 7 Potential Impact of Project Activities in Bihar
Project Activity Potential Impact
Pre-construction
Project sitting Since proposed sites were earlier used for the similar
purpose, impacts of siting will be limited to the resuming
activities again
General design Risk of errors in facility design may have impacts on
environmental resources such as soil and water
Construction
Temporary Relocation During construction phase some of the existing facilities in
case of most of the locations would have to be relocated
temporarily
Mobilising workforce Social and health impacts on local communities and
workers particularly in case of migrated workers
Use of vehicles and heavy
machinery
Dust and noise generation from construction activities
Generation of construction waste
During construction, disposal of excess material excavated
and excess concrete mixed may create soil pollution
Use of chemicals and fuels Contamination of soil due to conveyance of pollutants
(spillages of chemicals and fuels) with surface runoff
21
49. Based on the site inspection and conditions at site, following are site specific observations
that may have to be considered in conjunction with the above table:
Table 8 Site Specific Observations in Bihar
Location Name Issues related to
squatters
Issues related to water
supply and ground
water
Issues related to access
road
South Bihar
Patna
(Mussallapur)
Some push cart type
retailers and illegal
shops may have to be
closed
Being in the city area,
large scale activity such
as Hub may exert some
pressure on availability of
potable water to
surrounding communities
Access road is through
congested roads. Lorry
movement may cause
accidents and traffic jams
Bihar Sharif
Land identified is a
part of larger APMC
area. In order to
make land available
for proposed
development, some
shops and storage
places may have to
be relocated within
the premises of the
same APMC area
which could be done
amicably by DOA.
No external
resettlement involved
Water table is 4 to 5 m
below ground level.
Borewells are not lined.
Risk of contamination of
aquifer
No issues likely to arise as
approach road is wide and
with less traffic
Gaya
There is no trade
happening in the
identified land.
Hence squatter‟s
resettlement is not an
issue.
Currently Borewells are
not in use as there is no
activity at the site. Water
tower is not operational
either.
The site is located at
Chandauti on Gaya-Tekari
Road and is connected
with single lane road.
Currently the traffic load
is limited and hence
Congestion is not
observed.
Arrah
4 to 5 erstwhile
tenants are
continuing without
any rights squatters
are found as the trade
is limited here. Some
portion of the land
has been leased out
for cultivation of
Paddy.
Currently bore wells are
the source of water in the
identified market.
The site is just 2 km away
from the Arrah Railway
station and the access road
is in a good condition.
Buxar Trading here is Water tank (Non The approach road is in
22
Location Name Issues related to
squatters
Issues related to water
supply and ground
water
Issues related to access
road
negligible. Squatters
are not seen. Some
portion of the land is
leased out for paddy
cultivation.
operational) and Hand
pumps are the source of
water.
good condition.
Nokha
Some portion of the
identified land is
leased out for Paddy
Cultivation. The rest
of the land is vacant
as no trade is
happening at this
place.
One Water tank and
several hand pumps are
the source of water.
However, none of them
are operational.
No issues likely to arise as
approach road is off the
main Sasaram-
Bikramgunj Road with
less traffic currently.
Bihta
Very Few Squatters
as the trade
happening is limited.
However, push carts
and illegal
settlements are seen
along the main
approach road to the
market. Resettlement
of these needs to be
considered.
The site is adjacent to a
large fresh water body.
Apart from this the other
sources of water are bore
wells.
The main approach Road
to the site has a Railway
crossing about 2 km ahead
of the main entrance to the
market yard. High traffic
Movement combined with
frequent congestion due to
railway crossing is a
common site in this case.
North Bihar
Muzaffarpur
Large no. of squatters
in case of Fish, Fruits
and Knick knacks.
These squatters will
have to be relocated
to other sections of
the Market.
Borewells are being used.
Storage Tank is not being
used currently. River
Gandak is one of the
main sources of water
which is close to the site.
Market is located between
Zero Mile and Darbhanga
on Highway. Hence there
is high traffic movement
along the main approach
to the market.
Hajipur
Seasonal use of
market for sale of
agriculture produce.
Part of the land
would have to be
reserved for seasonal
activity
Water source is two
borewells at the premises
which is being
exclusively used by small
tea shops. Water will be
adequate if more wells
are sunk
Since the site is touching
existing two lane road
with limited traffic load
Dalsinghsarai
Site is completely
empty and hence no
resettlement is
required
Existing bore well is not
in use as there is no
activity at site
Site is located at 200 m
away from national
highway with dedicated
approach road
Darbhanga
Squatters in the
identified land have
to be resettled in
Hand pumps are the
source of water.
The approach road is
narrow. Considering the
location of the land high
23
Location Name Issues related to
squatters
Issues related to water
supply and ground
water
Issues related to access
road
available land within
the market yard by
DOA.
traffic flow is inevitable.
Begusarai
The market yard Is
not operational.
Hence squatters and
resettlement is not an
issue here.
Water tank (not
operational) and hand
pumps are seen in the
market yard. Water table
is about 4-5 meters below
the ground level.
The condition of the
approach road is very
good. However,
considering that it is near
the railway station high
traffic movement might
cause traffic blocks.
50. In cases where relocation is involved, Compensation as suggested in Annex 1: Entitlement
Matrix of Resettlement Framework of Poverty and Social Assessment Report would be
given to the Project Affected People.
51. Water availability would not be an issue in most of the cases as entire value chain is in the
catchment area of Ganges basin and hence ground water is available at reasonable depth. In
case of Patna (Musallapur mandi), any facility planning would have to be done in
consultation with the Municipal Corporation which supplies water to the market and also to
surrounding localities so that water supply department shall maintain adequate water
supply to all users
52. As far as road safety is concerned, except Patna, other sites are away from town and hence
road congestion and accidents caused due to proposed development is unlikely. In case of
Patna, depending upon the volume of traffic, developer would have to consult road traffic
police and get some of the roads and lanes into one way traffic such that smooth flow is
maintained without traffic jams.
53. Other key impacts associated with construction activity, such as generation of dust, noise,
construction waste, are easily mitigated through adoption of good engineering practices
which are detailed in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Trucks transporting
material should be well covered, material stored on site too should be covered and dust
generation at the working surface should be controlled through regular watering. Labor
camps too could give rise to pollution of surface water, if proper facilities are not provided.
The developer should ensure that all labor camps are situated away from any water bodies,
and have a proper supply of water and good waste water disposal facilities. Impervious
bases should be provided for containers storing any lubricants to minimize contamination
of ground water and surface water sources.
54. Potential Impact on environment during Operation Phase is as described below;
24
1. Impact on Air Environment
55. Ambient Air Quality: All sites selected for proposed intervention at present have similar
activities existing for years. New interventions are intended at streamlining these activities
in more structured manner. As a result, there is positive impact expected on ambient air
quality. Ambient air quality at the existing facility is affected by number of trucks carrying
commodities and operation of Diesel Generator (DG) set. Existing practice involves idling
of trucks due to traffic jams due to improper parking, loading and unloading facilities. At
proposed facility, due to availability of warehouses, waiting time of trucks will reduce,
arrivals and departures of commodities would be from different entry and exits in more
disciplined manner. Following table provides estimated number of vehicles likely to
operate at the facilities on an average day as against the number of vehicles that were
operating when APMC was operational two years ago.
Table 9 Traffic Assessment in Bihar
Location Name
Estimated number of trucks
(based on commodity volumes)
plying when APMC was
operational
No. of trucks
expected per
day
Expected
Incremental
Increase in Traffic
(%)
South Bihar
Patna 145 158 8.96
Bihar Sharif 140 158 12.85
Gaya 125 138 10.40
Arrah 125 138 10.40
Buxar 135 152 12.59
Nokha 137 152 10.94
Bihta 45 50 11.11
North Bihar
Muzaffarpur 180 191 6.11
Hajipur 80 99 19.19
Darbhanga 24 27 12.5
Dalsinghsarai 75 83 10.66
Begusarai 75 83 10.66
56. DG Sets provided at the hub and spokes will also be the likely source of air and noise
pollution when operational. Noise and air pollution caused by Diesel Generator sets could
be mitigated by ensuring that acoustic enclosure is provided for each DG set, stack of
adequate height should be provided such that smoke is released at height above nearby
structures and in case of DG sets of capacity over 50 HP, scrubber should be provided
57. Indoor Air Quality: Indoor air pollution may occur in fumigation chamber due to
accidental over exposure of workers to the gaseous fumigants or in refrigerated chambers
25
due to accidental leak of refrigerant gasses. All other areas such as warehouses, trading
platforms and offices are designed to be naturally well ventilated. Following table provides
chemicals proposed to be used in various facilities.
Table 10 Assessment of Chemicals Used in the Proposed Facilities in Bihar
Spoke/Hub Major Chemical
used
Quantity
Muzaffarpur Region
Muzaffarpur 1. Sulfur
2. Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene
generator
1. 9 kg will be burnt everyday for about 20-25 days in
a year
2. 1000 PPM (parts per million) will be maintained for
24 hrs in a ripening chamber every day throughout
the year. The volume of chamber will be 140 cubic
meter.
Hajipur 1. Sulfur
2. Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene
generator
1. 9 kg will be burnt everyday for about 20-25 days in
a year
2. 1000 PPM will be maintained for 24 hrs in a
ripening chamber every day throughout the year.
The volume of chamber will be 140 cubic meter.
Darbhanga Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene generator
1000 PPM will be maintained for 24 hrs in a ripening
chamber every day throughout the year. The volume of
chamber will be 140 cubic meter.
Dalsinghsarai Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene generator
1000 PPM will be maintained for 24 hrs in a ripening
chamber every day throughout the year. The volume of
chamber will be 140 cubic meter.
Begusarai Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene generator
1000 PPM will be maintained for 24 hrs in a ripening
chamber every day throughout the year. The volume of
chamber will be 140 cubic meter.
Nalanda Region
Patna Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene generator
1000 PPM will be maintained for 24 hrs in a ripening
chamber every day throughout the year. The volume of
chamber will be 140 cubic metre.
Bihar Sahrif Ethylene gas
produced by
ethylene generator
1000 PPM will be maintained for 24 hrs in a ripening
chamber every day throughout the year. The volume of
chamber will be 140 cubic metre.
26
Spoke/Hub Major Chemical
used
Quantity
Gaya None
Arrah None
Buxar None
Nokha None
Bihta None
58. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for both Sulfur and Ethylene Gas are provided in
Annexure 1 to this document.
59. Sulfur: Sulfur is not included in the Schedule I of Hazardous Chemicals Handling and
Storage Rules issued by MoEF under the EP Act. As evident from the MSDS for this
chemical, no lethal levels {Lethal Dose 50/ Lethal Concentration 50 (LD50/ LC50)} have
been defined for this chemical. However, Sulfur is highly inflammable in dust form and
hence while storage and handling, there is a risk of Sulfur stock catching fire. Accidental
exposure to skin may cause irritation of skin and inhalation may cause irritation of trachea.
Repeated washing with water with gentle soap has been recommended as first aid.
Accordingly, as a preventive measure, handling of Sulfur should be strictly by the trained
operators and necessary Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers should be provided at strategic
location. Since fumigation is by burning Sulfur powder, elaborate procedure and
communication system should be in place to indicate that the chamber is being fumigated.
Proximity center should be provided with alarm if someone accidentally enters the chamber
under fumigation.
60. Ethylene Gas: Ethylene appears as Chemical number 261 in the Hazardous Chemical
Rules, 1994. Ethylene has upper inflammable limit of 36% (higher than 12% prescribed by
the Hazardous Chemicals Rules) and hence is classified as highly inflammable. Reported
inhalation toxicity in mouse of 95 ppm/2 hour(s) LC50 is below threshold levels (10 ppm)
prescribed by Hazardous Chemicals Handling and Storage Rules. Though no occupational
exposure limits have been worked out for Ethylene gas, at indicated dosage of 1000 ppm
for 24 hrs, prohibition of entry of human in the active ripening chamber is recommended
and where unavoidable, necessary respiratory protection will be made mandatory. Repeated
washing with water is recommended as first aid for accidental exposure. Accordingly, as a
preventive measure, flame proof ventilation system should be provided for the ripening
chambers.
2. Impact on Water Environment
27
61. Water usage in the proposed facility will be for two purposes viz. domestic consumption
for drinking and toilet and industrial/commercial consumption for activities such as
washing and chemical treatment of the commodity.
62. Wastewater generated from toilets would have characteristics similar to city sewage.
Wastewater generated from washing activities will have soil and grit as main contaminants.
Wastewater generated from ripening activities will carry left over of ripening chemicals.
Since ripening is a batch process, quantity of chemical contaminants is expected to be
negligible and overall combined wastewater from each of the facility will be treatable in
biological activated sludge process. Following table provides estimated quantity of
wastewater generation at each location.
Table 11 Assessment of Water Requirement - Bihar
Location Name
Industrial
Water
Consumption Employment
Labour
(Daily)
Domestic
Water
Consumption
Total Water
Consumption
LPD Nos Nos LPD KLD
Muzaffarpur Region
Muzaffarpur 84,250 988 440 57,120 141.37
Hajipur 31,450 221 324 21,800 53.25
Darbhanga 24,950 252 264 20,640 45.59
Dalsinghsarai 26,150 258 354 24,480 50.63
Begusarai 22,250 258 354 24,480 46.73
Nalanda Region
Patna 36,250 263 342 24,200 60.45
Bihar Sharif 36,250 263 342 24,200 60.45
Gaya 28,200 258 320 23,120 51.32
Arrah 35,250 258 330 23,520 58.77
Buxar 35,250 258 340 23,920 59.17
Nokha 35,250 258 340 23,920 59.17
Bihta 30,250 253 256 20,360 50.61
63. Wastewater treatment for locations generating wastewater upto 25,000 litres per Day (lpd)
would be septic tank and soak pit, from 25,000 to 100,000 lpd it would be package type
activated sludge process plant while in case of Muzaffarpur, it will have to be treatment
plant with civil tankages establish over about 3000 sq. m area
64. Except in case of septic tanks, treated wastewater will have to be reused in the premises of
the same facility for landscaping and flushing of toilets. Accordingly wastewater will have
to be treated to meet BOD 30 mg/l and Suspended Solids 20 mg/l as prescribed by CPCB
for land disposal. Each facility has substantial area for landscaping where except monsoon
treated wastewater could be used for irrigation at the rate of 5 liters per sq. meter of land.
28
During monsoon, treated wastewater excess of flushing requirement will have to be
released in nearby natural drain with increased dose of chlorination . Detailed designs
should ensure that piping systems are in place to ensure re-use of wastewater. If this is not
to be adopted, the developer should ensure that the treated water meets or exceeds
standards, permitting it to be discharged to the nearby natural drains.
3. Impact on Soil Environment
65. Impact on soil environment would be primarily from the solid waste generated in the
facility. Studies on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in for the city of New Delhi conducted
by IL&FS Ecosmart Limited (IL&FS Group Company) included study of solid waste at
APMC as well as fruits and vegetables market. Composition of these two locations
reported by Ecosmart is produced below:
Table 12: Representative Characteristics of Solid Waste in APMC and Vegetables
Market
Parameter APMC Local Fruits and vegetables Market
Biodegradable 90.48 76.59
Recyclable 1.85 4.25
Inert 0.33 1.16
Others 0.42 2.18
Ash & Fine Earth content 6.92 15.82
Moisture (%) 64.7 47.89
Calorific Value (Kcal/Kg) 1760 1321
(Ref: Chapter 12, Municipal Solid Waste Management, JNNURM Report to Govt. of Delhi, IL&FS
Ecosmart Limited, 2004)
66. In case of APMC, prevailing practice is to bring agriculture commodity in bulk without
packaging. As evident from the above data, all wastage of agriculture commodities result
into the solid waste. As a result, solid waste composition is as rich as over 90%
biodegradable. As against this, proposed facilities will be more like local fruits and
vegetables market as at the proposed facilities, wastage will be reduced due to systematic
handling of the produce, more so, packaging would be undertaken at the facilities.
Following table gives estimated quantities of solid waste likely to be generated at various
hub and spoke locations in Bihar.
Table 13 Estimation of Solid Waste Generation at various Hub and spoke locations in
Bihar
Location Name Estimated Solid Waste
MT/D
Muzaffarpur Region
Muzaffarpur 27.94
Hajipur 3.25
Darbhanga 3.26
29
Dalsinghsarai 3.96
Begusarai 3.96
Nalanda Region
Patna 7.46
Bihar Sharif 7.46
Gaya 6.06
Arrah 6.06
Buxar 7.26
Nokha 7.26
Bihta 2.26
67. Composition of market yard waste in literature indicates that the major components of
wastes generated include vegetable wastes (21%), fruit wastes (15%), flower wastes (10%),
banana stem and related materials (38%) and packing materials (hay, straw, paper, etc.
16%). Materials in the form of stones, plastics, wood etc were present in less than 1% of
the waste quantity. Depending upon season, there are large fluctuations in the quantity and
nature of waste generated daily from the market. The total solids and volatile solids content
are 25% and 73.7% respectively. The moisture content is 75%.
68. Muzaffarpur hub with about 28 Metric Ton (MT) per day waste will have to work closely
with the municipal council, and arrange to have the waste disposed by the municipality. In
case of other locations where relatively lower quantities of solid waste are generated, two
technologies could be used. Locations where up to 1 MT solid waste is generated, can
adopt in-situ aerobic composting and the compost could be used in the same premises for
landscaping and gardening. In those locations where 1 to 5 MT waste is generated,
mechanized aerobic composting which operates at much faster rate in conversion of
biodegradable waste to compost could be used to save on land area. Manufactured compost
could be used for captive landscaping or could be given to farmers coming to the facility.
In those locations where 5 to 10 MT waste is likely to be generated, biomethanation of
solid waste could be deployed. Biogas produced in the process could be used for generation
of electricity using gas engine while sludge from biomethanation plant could be used as
manure for landscaping
69. Support infrastructure such as road, water supply, power supply would have potential
impacts as described below. Possible Mitigative measures have been discussed in the
Environmental Management Plan
Table 14 Environmental Effects of Support Infrastructure Development and
Mitigative Measures
Project Activity Potential Impact
Suggested Mitigative
Measures
ROADS
Pre-construction
ROW planning ROW conflict between and All APMCs are along
30
among land owners main road hence ROW
issue are unlikely
Safety planning Development of roads can cause
accidents to local people and
animals
Road signs and speed
breakers to be erected by
the developer at
appropriate distance on
both sides of all gates
General Design If road is in embankment, it
may cause water logging if
adequate drainage passages are
not provided
Internal roads in the
proposed facility to have
adequate cross drainage
works
Construction
Land clearing Loss of vegetation in case of
green field sites.
All sites in Bihar are
brown field sites with
earlier/existing activity
similar to one proposed.
In case if any trees
having girth more than
80mm is required to be
cut, compensatory
plantation should be
undertaken (three trees
for each tree felled) by
the contractor on open
land within the facility
premises
Mobilizing
workforce
Social and health impacts on
local communities if any
migration is involved which is
not the case in proposed project
No migration is
involved.
Use of vehicles and
heavy
Machinery
Dust and noise generation from
construction activities
Vehicles running with
construction material
should maintain max 20
km/hr speed. When soil
is carried, truck should
be covered.
Transportation trucks
should be serviced at
regular interval
Use of chemicals
and fuels
Contamination of soil due to
improper melting of bitumen
Bitumen work should be
carried out by properly
trained team
Construction waste -Air pollution due to increase in
suspended particulate matter
- Pollution from solid waste of
discarded material
If any demolition is
involved, gunny bag
cover should be erected
with scaffolding. All
demolition debris should
be sprinkled with water
to avoid dust getting
31
airborne
Use of nearby
agriculture land
Reduction in production
impacts on agricultural land use.
If farm land is used for
temporary storage of
construction material
Additional land is
available at all proposed
location within existing
APMC premises. It
would not be required to
store construction
material on agricultural
land
Operation
Normal Road
Operation
Accidents due to traffic
Drivers should be
trained for specific
cargo/ truck to avoid
accidents
POWER
Pre-construction
Selection of
Generator-set (Gen-
set)
Impacts due to non-compliance
of Gen-set with the pollution
control norms
Only generator set with
„Green Star‟ rating from
Bureau of Energy
Efficiency should be
procured
Construction
Installation of Gen-
set
Noise pollution during
installation
Installation should be
mechanized where
possible and manpower
training.
Operation
Normal operation Air pollution due to emissions
from Gen-set
Smaller Gen Sets to
establish tall stack while
larger Gen Set to
provide scrubber and
treat scrubber water in
the ETP
WATER
Pre-construction
Siting of borewells Siting posing risk of
groundwater depletion
Ground water table
profiling should be
carried out before
deciding location of new
borewell. Recuperation
test should be carried
out to determine
sustainable yield
32
Construction
Drilling Noise and dust generation
during drilling
Drilling of well should
not be carried during
night time
All construction Safety hazard Best practices training
on safety should be
conducted for
construction staff
supposed to operate at
height more than 5 m
Operation
Normal operation Wastage of water and energy
Noise generation
Water conservation
awareness program
should be developed for
end users of water
TELECOM
Pre-construction
Feasibility analysis
of installing signal
towers for mobile
Connectivity
Environmental and social issues
due to improper siting of towers
Technology with
minimum radiation
should be selected.
Stakeholders‟ consent
should be taken for
erecting tower
Construction
Installation of signal
towers
Safety hazards during
installation
Best practices training
on safety should be
conducted for
construction staff
supposed to operate at
height more than 5 m
Operation
Normal operation Emission of radiation from
telephone towers
Radiation level should
be checked within 10 m
radius from tower.
Necessary visual
warning signs should
exhibited
33
Section F: Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation
a) Public Consultation
70. Public and stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the process of identification and
development of the proposed interventions. Several such consultations were carried out on
variety of issues related to the IVC including environmental and natural resources related
issues with national and local government officials in both the states and discussions were
held with stakeholder groups viz. farmers, commission agents, traders, and infrastructure
investors. Interviews were carried out with selected communities on site during the field
visits. Inputs received during consultation are very similar in both the states and are
incorporated in IEE preparation. Some of the salient points raised by various stakeholders
are tabulated below:
Table 15 Salient Points Raised by Stakeholders during Public Consultation
Sr.
No.
Stakeholder
Group
Concern Raised Remarks
1 Farmers 1. Would there be any additional
cess, toll or tax due to new
facility
2. If developer is outside party, in
case of produce taken on credit
remains unpaid who will
compensate farmer (who takes
non-payment risk) the way
commission agent does
3. Will new facility cause further
power cuts and water shortages
1. Issue though not related
to environment, concern
is valid as experience of
common man is that any
new development by
PPP mode introduces
new toll, tax or levy
2. Compared to power and
water demand of farmer
community in a
geographic area, water
and power demand of
the proposed facilities is
miniscule and hence
there is negligible or no
impact for individual
household or farm
2 Commission
agents and
traders
1. Will new facility throw us out
of business
2. Who will take care of solid
waste generated at their shops
1. Project is aimed at
reduction in wastage and
enhancement of value.
Traders and agents can
participate n the bid out
processors as developers
2. Developer will be
establishing compost or
biogas facility but the
user will have to pay
3 State 1. Is government expected to give 1. Developer is expected to
34
Sr.
No.
Stakeholder
Group
Concern Raised Remarks
Government
officials
any concessions in
environmental licensing?
comply with all
applicable legislation
4 Investors/
Developers
1. Is it mandatory to install
sewage treatment plant
2. Can responsibility of solid
waste collection and disposal be
given to local urban bodies
1. Sewage treatment could
be by septic tank also as
long as it meets
discharge standards
issued by the local
pollution control board
2. Yes, where applicable
and acceptable to the
local urban body
b) Information Disclosure
71. Information disclosure would have to be done by the successful bidder after the detailed
engineering such that utilities likely to be consumed by the facility could be clearly
disclosed to the concerned public. Activities proposed are not very different from the
current activities at site however resources consumption and restrictions or user fees if any
on the access, usage of facilities would have to be disclosed to the stakeholders such as
farmers bringing their produce to the facilities and the regulators. Project Developer would
be responsible for the information disclosure.
72. Section 28.2.3 of the main report for Bihar clearly emphasizes on the need to determine
user charges before implementation of the project. This will automatically lead to
disclosure of information critical to the stakeholder groups. Therefore, during such
consultations/disclosure, the developer should also inform and disclose measures
incorporated to mitigate adverse impacts.
73. In addition to the consultations conducted during project development phase, bid out
process would involve advertisements in local newspaper giving details of project being
offered for public private partnership. The bidding process would have element of
consultation and participation of affected people. In addition Right to Information Act,
2005 provides opportunity to general public to seek information about the project.
74. Social Assessment report in its resettlement framework has suggested establishment of
Social and Environmental Safeguards Management Unit (SEMU) at State level and Social
and Environmental Safeguards Implementation Unit (SEIU) at each IVC level. SEMU
shall, during the preparation of the relevant environmental assessment and planning stage
discuss and agree on a grievance redress mechanism in consultation with other
stakeholders, and maintain in place during the construction and operations to the end of the
project.
35
c) Participation
75. Participation of stakeholder groups such as farmers, traders, commission agents in the
project depends upon the implementation model as discussed in section 28 of the main
report. Under SPV model, stakeholder participation could be at two levels. The first level is
that commission agents and traders could form their association or company to bid for the
Hub activities and similarly, farmers could participate in the spoke activity and bid for the
facility. At second level, if private party becomes successful bidder as a Project Developer,
since farmers, commission agents and traders would be the users of the facility, they can
form their pressure groups to negotiate user fees charged and services provided by the
developer.
76. Section 26 of the main report deals with proposed initiatives for Capacity Building of the
farmers and other stake holder groups. This will ensure meaningful participation of these
stakeholders in the project implementation. The draft IEE shall be disclosed on ADB‟s
website. This IEE and EMP will be updated during detailed design stage and that too shall
be posted on ADB‟s website.
36
Section G: Grievance Redress Mechanism
77. Project Level Institutional Arrangement: Social Assessment report in its resettlement
framework has suggested establishment of Social and Environmental Safeguards
Management Unit (SEMU) at State level and Social and Environmental Safeguards
Implementation Unit (SEIU) at each IVC level. These will be first option for the aggrieved
party to seek redress. However, if the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the response of
project level institutions, aggrieved party can seek grievance redress from the government
machinery.
78. Grievance Redress Mechanism for Spoke: All spoke locations in Bihar state are located
either at district level or block level. Since the project is sponsored by Department of
Agriculture, Government of Bihar, local officer of the State Level Agency for
Infrastructure Development (SAID) is the „Competent Authority‟ to address any grievance
against the concessionaire/ developer. In case if aggrieved party is not satisfied, under the
prevailing legislation, District Collector has adequate powers and magisterial authority to
conduct hearing and issue orders redressing grievances.
79. Grievance Redress Mechanism for Hub: There are two hub locations proposed at
Muzaffarpur, District Muzaffarpur and at Nalanda, District Bihar Sharif. Both hub
locations have district agriculture officer who would be competent authority for grievance
redressal. Aggrieved party can appeal to the District Collector (District Magistrate) if their
grievance is not satisfactorily resolved by the agriculture department. Contact details of the
district magistrates of concerned districts where spoke and hub facilities will be located are
provided in the table at the end of this section.
80. Bihar State Chief Secretary Public Grievance Cell: State level empowered cell has been
created in Bihar under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. Grievances could be
communicated either in written application or through online complaint. State government
machinery then examines the case, conducts hearing and issues appropriate orders. Over
and above this expensive and option of legal suit in civil court is always available to the
aggrieved party.
Table 16 Contact Details of District Magistrates of Concerned Districts for Grievance
Redress Districts STD Tel-Office Tel-Res DM's Fax Mobile No.
Patna 0612 2222545 2222097
2222383
2222900
2222383
9835026485
Nalanda 06112 235203 235204 235205 9431016008
Buxar 06183 222336 222335 222231 9431480905
Rohtas (Sasaram) 06184 222226 222224 221224 9431632414
37
Districts STD Tel-Office Tel-Res DM's Fax Mobile No.
Gaya 0631 2420005 2420008 2420110 9431225888
Muzaffarpur 0621 2212101 2212105 2217285 9431238844
Vaishali (Hajipur) 06224 272201 272503 272002 9431030303
Darbhanga 06272 240335 240363 240360 9431219363
Samastipur 06274 222300 222301 222216 9431245200
Begusarai 06243 212285 200584 200571 9431211555
Bhagalpur 0641 2400012 2401202 2400918 9431213543 Ref: http://krishi.bih.nic.in/contacts_DM.htm
38
Section H: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
81. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an action plan for implementation of mitigation
measures corresponding to the identified environmental impacts associated with the project
interventions. The EMP also provides for mechanism for monitoring and corrective action.
This generic environmental management and monitoring plan was prepared based on the
environmental assessments and public consultations conducted on site. Site specific
mitigation measures for each subproject will be formulated during the detailed design and
bid preparation stages and in any case prior to implementation of the subproject.
Therefore, this EMP shall be updated during detailed design stage by the Project developer.
82. The contracted consulting firms and/or PMU will prepare necessary documentation for
environmental licenses, environmental management and performance monitoring reports
including IEEs, EMPs, and construction specifications with clearly defined obligations vis-
à-vis environmental mitigation measures to be put in place by project proponents/private
operators for DOA. The EMP will be updated by the Project developer and all contract
documents shall include clauses to ensure implementation of the EMP.
83. The PMU of the DoA will review the revised EMP and submit to ADB for endorsement.
The project developer will undertake (i) preparation of a detailed work site and
construction management plan covering health and safety, disposal of solid and liquid
wastes, air emissions in accordance with the relevant national and local regulations; (ii)
implementation of the IEE mitigation measures in each subproject during the construction
period; (iii) reporting on environmental responsibilities described in the contract
documents; (iv) participating in compliance monitoring inspections at various stages
through to completion; and (viii) providing necessary environmental training to
implementing staff/organization.
84. State Agency (through PMU) and Project Developer will ensure that ADB and relevant
state organizations are given access to undertake environmental monitoring of all
subprojects. However, the Project Developer of a subproject is responsible for
implementing mitigatory measures and monitoring, and will report to the PMU who in turn
will submit bi-annual monitoring reports to ADB and to the Approving Agency on the
implementation of environmental mitigation measures, described in the IEE report and
EMP. The PMU will also be responsible to monitor the project developer‟s performance in
meeting environmental safeguards. If the PMU does not have the requisite staff to monitor
the implementation of the EMP, consultants' services could be obtained through the project.
Table 17 Potential Impact on Environment, Mitigative Measures and Monitoring
Agency
Phase Potential Impact Mitigative Measure Monitoring
Pre-
Construction
Siting – Rehabilitation and
Resettlement (R&R) of Since all sites in Bihar
are existing APMC sites,
PMU assisted by
Project Management
39
Phase Potential Impact Mitigative Measure Monitoring
Phase residential or business
establishments, religious
structures, archeological
structures, historical
monuments or sites close to
national highways, major
rivers, protected forests not
meeting siting norms laid
down by the regulators
siting issues will not be
triggered however title
search should be carried
out to ensure absolute
ownership of APMC
Consultants should
verify records,
conduct site visits
and approve site
Design defects that may
cause environmental
impacts for project
interventions as well as
support infrastructure
Many design stage
defects cause
environmental impacts
due to non compliance to
the norms and good
engineering practices.
Designs should be as per
norms laid down by
concerned authorities
such as Indian Road
Congress (IRC), Town
& Country Planning
Office (TCPO), Central
Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), Bureau of
Energy Efficiency (BEE)
etc.
Consult local people for
incorporating their past
experiences and
concerns
PMU should verify
the designs and
approve before
construction
commences
Construction
Phase
Air and noise pollution due
to dust and suspended
particulates
Good engineering
practices such as
watering/covering lose
soil during transportation
Restricting speed of
trucks carrying soil, and
cement to 25 kmph
Restriction of working
hours from 8 am to 8 pm
so that no work related
noise pollution at night
Tender specifications
to include appropriate
mitigatory clauses as
conditions of contract
Solid waste and water
pollution due to
construction activities
Labour camp is the main
source of pollution
during construction
phase. Proper water
supply and sanitation
facilities and
housekeeping at the
labour camp should be
Tender specifications
to include appropriate
mitigative clauses as
conditions of contract
40
Phase Potential Impact Mitigative Measure Monitoring
provided by the
contractor
Discarding excess
material such as set
concrete, bitumen,
shuttering material, cut
pieces waste causes soil
pollution if not removed
by the contractor
Surface water runoff
carries fuel and
chemicals spill over and
contaminate streams.
Proper impervious base
should be provided in
the store of fuel and
chemical
Operations
phase
Ambient Air Pollution Ambient air pollution
during operation phase
may cause due to idling
of vehicles during
loading and unloading.
Spacious planning and
provision for docking of
lorries will reduce
ambient air pollution
Gen set should have
stack of adequate height
and acoustic enclosure
Master plan approved
by the PMU/DOA
should have adequate
provision for
docking/ parking of
vehicles
Indoor Air Pollution Storage of ripening and
fumigation chemicals
should meet Hazardous
waste storage and
handling rules.
Adequate protective gear
should be provided to
the staff working in
ripening chamber and
fumigation to prevent
human exposure to
fumes and gasses
Staff should be trained to
handle and provide first
aid to affected person in
case of accident
emergency. First aid
facility should be
periodically checked for
validation
Make it mandatory
for operators to have
HACCP certification
and DOA should
periodically check
validity of the
certificate so that
Standard Operating
Procedures and Good
Operating Practices
would be followed
reducing indoor air
pollution
41
Phase Potential Impact Mitigative Measure Monitoring
Water Pollution Wastewater treatment
plant should be provided
for treatment of
wastewater
Developer/ Operator
to maintain valid
consent to establish
all the time,
developer should be
asked to provide
separate energy meter
for ETP and the bills
should be
periodically checked
by DOA for power
consumption
Soil Pollution Solid waste generated in
proposed activity would
be highly biodegradable.
Therefore depending
upon the quantum of
solid waste, and
availability of land,
either composting or
biomethanation should
be provided
Metal scrap, waste
paper, plastic and glass
should be sold to the
scrap dealer for
recycling
Tender specifications
to include appropriate
Mitigative clauses as
conditions of contract
85. Estimated Cost of EMP Implementation: Primarily, EMP implementation would incur
direct cost for pollution prevention and control while cost of design and engineering and
good engineering practices will be built in the cost of establishment of the facilities. Cost of
wastewater treatment plant, solid waste management and implementation of EMP for
various locations is summarized in the tables below.
Table 18 Cost of Wastewater Treatment Plants
Location Name
Total Water
Consumption
(KLD)
Estimated cost
of wastewater
treatment
plant (Rs. Mn)
Remarks
Muzaffarpur Region
Muzaffarpur 141.37 4.95 Plant will need 3000 sq. m area
Hajipur 53.25 1.86 Package plant
Darbhanga 45.59 1.60 Package plant
Dalsinghsarai 50.63 1.77 Package plant
42
Location Name
Total Water
Consumption
(KLD)
Estimated cost
of wastewater
treatment
plant (Rs. Mn)
Remarks
Begusarai 46.73 1.64 Package plant
Total 11.81
Nalanda Region
Patna 60.45 2.12 Package plant
Bihar Sharif 60.45 2.12 Package plant
Gaya 51.32 1.80 Package plant
Arrah 58.77 2.06 Package plant
Buxar 59.17 2.07 Package plant
Nokha 59.17 2.07 Package plant
Bihta 50.61 1.77 Package plant
Total 14.00
Table 19 Cost of Solid Waste Management
Location Name
Estimated Solid
Waste (MT/D Type of treatment Cost (Rs. Mn)
Muzaffarpur Region
Muzaffarpur 27.94 To be given to LUB
Tipping fee
recurring cost
Hajipur 3.25
Mechanical aerobic
composting (MAC) 6.5
Darbhanga 3.26 MAC 6.52
Dalsinghsarai 3.96 MAC 7.92
Begusarai 3.96 MAC 7.92
Total Capital cost 28.86
Nalanda Region 0
Patna 7.46 Biomethanation 14.92
Bihar Sharif 7.46 Biomethanation 14.92
Gaya 6.06 Biomethanation 12.12
Arrah 6.06 Biomethanation 12.12
Buxar 7.26 Biomethanation 14.52
Nokha 7.26 Biomethanation 14.52
Bihta 2.26 MAC 4.52
Total Capital cost 87.64
43
Table 20 Summary of Cost of Implementation of EMP
Integrated
Value Chain
Cost of water
pollution
control
Cost of solid
waste
management
Cost of
other EMP Total Remarks
Muzaffarpur
Region 11.81 28.86 3.5 44.17
Chemical usage
at 5 locations
Nalanda Region 14.00 87.64 1.5 103.14
Chemical usage
at 2 locations
Bihar Total 25.81 116.50 5.00 147.31
All values in Rs. Mn
86. As evident from the above table, substantial capital cost would have to be incurred for solid
waste management. This cost could be substantially reduced if developer enters into
agreement with the Local Urban Body (LUB) to collect the solid waste for disposal at its
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) facility. Alternatively, some returns on these investments
could be harnessed by sale of compost and use of biogas generated in the solid waste
management system. Cost of wastewater treatment is inevitable as it may not be
permissible to discharge water out of the facility even after treatment. Therefore, treated
wastewater would have to be used for landscape irrigation within the facility.
87. Monitoring: There are no significant, irreversible environmental impacts envisaged.
During implementation phase nodal agencies should ensure that EMP is implemented to
mitigate all potential impacts. During operations phase, legal framework provides for
Project Developer to submit annual Environmental Statement and also pollution control
boards monitor pollution loads at every renewal of Consent to Operate. Creating separate
monitoring mechanism will have cost which is uncalled for given the in-built monitoring
system in the legal framework. Quarterly progress review reports submitted by the State
Agency/Project Developer to ADB will also include the progress of environmental
monitoring and highlight any other environmental issues that may have arisen during
implementation, and also the measures taken to address them. The State Agency/Project
Developer is responsible for ensuring that all environmental assessment documents,
including the bi-annual environmental monitoring reports, are maintained systematically as
part of the subproject-specific record.
44
Section I: Conclusion and Recommendation
88. The IEE study of the proposed IVC interventions under AIDP concludes that the proposed
interventions have minimal detrimental effects associated with impact on air, water, land,
and biodiversity. Most of the adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short
term. All expected adverse impacts could be mitigated with appropriate measures
suggested in this report.
89. It is expected that there will be an overall positive cumulative environmental effect of the
project if it succeeds in creating efficient value chain linkages between the agricultural
commodity producer and the consumer through setting up of spoke and hub facilities and
the related support infrastructure. The beneficial impacts will be manifold. Following are
the overall long-term impacts from the project:
a) There will be reduction in losses that occur due to poor infrastructure facilities.
b) There will be improvement in the overall environment of production areas and
handling of harvested produce.
c) The employment opportunities of both temporary and permanent nature will get
generated for local population.
90. Due to increase in employment opportunities, trade, business and agricultural income,
considerable amount of money may be channeled in to the local economy in the area. This
will increase the income level of the individual household and the local community of the
area.
91. The provision of infrastructure leads to appreciation of land values. The land price would
increase due better opportunities and competition from other economic land uses. This
would further uplift the economic condition of local people.
92. This IEE and EMP will need to be further updated by the project developer during detailed
design stages. The proposed AIDP project is recommended for implementation with
incorporation of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring plan, as updated
during detailed design stage.
45
REFERENCES
1. ADB (2002). Environment Policy of the Asian Development Bank
2. ADB (2003). Environmental Assessment Guidelines
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Figure 2: Gaya APMC - Traders Shops (Not in Use)
Figure 3: Buxer APMC - Closed Warehouse
48
Figure 4: Musallapur APMC - Haphazard Parking for Unloading Goods
Figure 5: Nokha APMC - Abandoned Structures
49
Figure 6: Dalsingh Sarai APMC - Abandoned Structure and Open Land
Figure 7: Begusarai APMC - Warehousing
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Figure 8: Muzzafarpur APMC - Traders' Shops
Figure 9: Samastipur APMC - Warehousing