Download - Indian Architecture
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Indian ArchitectureA History
HARI Vidya Bhavan
May 9th 2010
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Architecture is…
“Shilpa-ShaStra”
“The art and science of designing buildings and
other physical structures”
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Think of Architecture as…
Works of Engineering
Objects of Art
Symbols of Politics & Culture
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4000
Before Common Era (BCE) Common Era (CE)
Indus Valley
Buddhist & Rock Cut
MIDDLE AGES: Dravidian & Vijayanagar
HinduIndo-Islamic & Mughal
Colonial
ModernIndia
Rest of the World
Timeline : India & The World
3000
2000
2000
1000
0
1000
Europe / Africa
USA
✪✪
Rome Est. (753 BCE)
Greeks invaded India
(326 BCE)
Great Wall of China (15 CE)
Great Pyramids of Egypt (2556
BCE)
✪✪ ✪
Manchu Pichu (1450 CE)
✪
Colosseum (80 CE)
✪
✪
Mesa Verde (600-1300)
✪St Augustine (1531) Jamestown (1600)
✪Washington DC (1800)
Tudor (1600s
✪Mohenjo-daro & Harappa
✪Kailashnath
✪
✪TAJ
Hampi
✪Qutub
✪
✪Mayan
Civilization (1000 BCE)
Sanchi
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Indus Valley Civilization
7,000 BCE – 1,500 BCE
• Houses were made of bricks & timber
• Houses had rooms around and open patio
• Towns were on a grid pattern with drainage & sewage systems
• Public buildings - Citadel, Great Bath, Granaries
Main cities were Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Kalibangan
First urban city around 2000 BCE
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Buddhist &Rock-Cut
Architecture 1,500 BCE – 200 CE
• Cave Architecture, Rock-cut Architecture, Stupas & Pagodas
• Building as a massive sculpture
• Interior are inferior compared to majestic exteriors
• Post and Beam construction
Elevation
Plan
Karle Caves
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Buddhist Architecture: Sanchi Complex
• Commissioned by Ashoka the Great
• Religious significance to the Buddhist
• Circular shapes for “Pradakshana”
• Built with Stone Masonry
Sanchi complex was built in 3 BCE:
• Stupas “Domes of HEAVEN”• Monastaries • Temples
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Rock-Cut Architecture
Carved out of a Cliff: Kailashnath Temple, Ellora – 6 CE
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Middle Ages:Dravidian
200 CE-1526CE
• Principle style reflected in pyramid shaped temples, intricate stone carving
• Layout based on Vastu Shastra, the Hindu system of design, based on directional alignment
• Carvings from religious text- Vedas, Ramayana and Mahabharata
Brahadeshwara Temple, Tanjore1000 CE
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Vimanam over the Inner Sanctum
Mantapam
Pillared Halls
Outer Wall
Gopuram, Entrance
Spire
Dravidian Temples
Water tank
Virupakha Temple, Hampi
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Hampi, Karnataka
Three Types of Architecture:• Military• Religious• Civic Architecture
Elephant Stables Temple
Lotus Mahal
Middle Ages: Vijayanagar, 1000 CE
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Indo-Islamic &Mughal Architecture
1,100-1,800 CE
• Influences: Persian & Hindu
• Symmetry: Perfect radial & bilateral
•Arches: Extensive use of pointed arches
•Decoration: Geometric, use of Calligraphy
•Materials: Red sandstone with marble inlays or precious stones
•Gardens: Pools, canals, flower beds were geometric & symmetrical
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Delhi
Lahore, Dhaka
Humayun’s Tomb
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Indo-Islamic: Qutub Minar
First major Islamic structure in India
Ascent of the Crescent!
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INDO-ISLAMIC: Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur
Built in 1659 CE by Sultan Mohammed, it is one of the
largest dome structure in the world
Designers invented a construction method of “intersecting arches” to
create vast interior space
Has a Whispering Gallery
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Fatehpur Sikri – “Victory City”, 1571-1585
Mughal Architecture
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Calligraphy
“Pietra Durra” – Inlay Work
Latticework
Mughal Architecture: Key Features
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“Teardrop on the cheek of eternity” -Tagore
Taj Mahal
Garden
Taj Mahal: Ode to Love
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Colonial
From 1,800 – 1947 CE
• Indo-Saracenic – British Architectural style combining Indo-Islamic, Italian neo-classic, Gothic Architecture
•Use of sandstone, concrete, plaster, glass
•Many, many architectural details – Arches, overhangs, pavilions, vaulted roofs, cupolas, spires, chattris, jalis
• “GRAND SCALE”
Municipal buildings, Winter Capitals, Courthouses, Railway Stations, Colleges, Museums,
Town halls, Townships
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
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Colonial Architecture: Lutyen’s New Delhi
India Gate
Supreme Court
Rashtrapati Bhavan
Cannaught Place
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Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai (1887 CE)
Colonial Architecture: Gothic Influences
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Places to see great architecture in India
North & Middle
• Agra & Fatehpur Sikri (Mughal)• Chandigarh (Modern)• Khajuraho (Middle Age)• New Delhi (Mughal, Colonial, Modern)• Simla (Colonial)• Srinagar (Mughal)
West
• Ahmadabad (Modern)• Ajanta & Ellora (Rock – Cut)• Goa (Portugese)• Jaipur (Indo-Islamic, Hindu)• Mumbai (Art Deco, Colonial)• Udaipur & Jaiselmer (Indo-Islamic,
Hindu)
East & Northeast
• Nalanda (Buddhist)• Sanchi (Buddhist)• Calcutta (Mughal, Colonial)
South
• Bangalore (Colonial)• Hampi (Vijayanagar) • Hyderabad (Indo-Islamic)• Kanchipuram (Dravidian)• Madurai (Dravidian)• Pondicherry (French)• Sun Temples, Konarak (Dravidian)• Tanjore (Dravidian)• Trivandrum (Dravidian)
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What have we learned?