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Makara Human Behaviour Studies in Asia“Young People and Media Conference”
Prof. Dr. Leen d’Haenens
Joyce Vissenberg & Marlies Debrael
Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium
Individual, contextual, and internet use
factors as determinants of Flemish teens’
digital skill levels and their well-being
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Social Sciences - Institute for Mediastudies2
Research context
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• Multinational research network
(25 European countries)
• Wants to increase the knowledge
about the online opportunities,
risks and safety of European
children
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies3
About EU Kids Online
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The EU Kids conceptual model
Livingstone, Mascheroni,
& Staksrud, 2018
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• Digital literacy skills are needed to be able to cope with risk and harm
experienced online (Vandoninck, d’Haenens & Roe, 2013).
• Digital skills have a positive influence on the online opportunities that are
taken up (Livingstone & Helsper, 2010; Rodriguez-de-Dios, van Oosten, & Iguarta, 2018).
Insight into individual and contextual determinants of digital skills is essential
to identify children’s and teens’ needs concerning these skills.
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Why it is important to study
children’s and teens’ digital skills
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• Age
• Age positively predicts the level of internet use skills (Livingstone & Helsper, 2010).
• ↔ Young people have better ICT skills than older users (Dodel & Mesch, 2018).
• Gender
• Boys have better ICT skills than girls (Dodel & Mesch, 2018; Hargittai, 2010).
• ↔ Boys have lower levels of ICT competencies than girls (Tondeur et al., 2011).
• Residential area
• Internet access and use: urban-rural digital divide (Hale et al., 2010, Philip et al,
2017).
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Socio-demographic factors and digital skills:
mixed findings
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• Internet access
• Having a good quality of internet access positively predicts internet use
skills (Livingstone & Helsper, 2010).
• Devices:
• Owning a computer is positively related to ICT competences (Tondeur et al., 2011).
• The number of different devices that are used positively predict the level of ICT skills (Dodel & Mesch, 2018).
• Internet use
• Having experience with the internet positively predicts the level of ICT skills (Dodel & Mesch, 2018).
• ICT use positively predicts the level of ICT competencies (Tondeur et al., 2011).
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Internet access, use, and digital skills
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4 strategies of parental mediation (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008)
1. Active mediation
Restrictive mediation
• Associated with higher levels of digital skills (Livingstone et al., 2017).
2. Content restrictions & 3. technical restrictions
• Belgian parents prefer restrictive mediation(Helsper et al., 2013).
• Associated with decreases in internet use (Lee,
2012) and lower levels of digital literacy
(Rodriguez-de-Dios, van Oosten, & Iguarta, 2018), and
digital skills (Livingstone et al., 2017).
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4. Monitoring
• Associated with exposure to more
online risks (Duerager & Livingstone,
2012).
• ↔ No association with
exposure to online risks (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008).
• Provides guidance about internet
use (Mesch, 2009).
4 strategies of parental mediation (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008)
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• Physical well-being
• Physical impairments positively predict exposure
to high risk online experiences (El Asam & Katz, 2018).
• Mental well-being
• Mental health difficulties and special educational
needs are positively associated with exposure to
high risk online experiences (El Asam & Katz, 2018).
• Lower internet literacy is associated with internet
addiction, and a higher level of internet addiction
is associated with depression (Chang et al., 2015).
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies10
Teens’ digital skills and their well-being
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• RQ1: How do age, gender, and area predict Flemish teens’ digital skill levels?
• RQ2: To which extent do internet access and use play a role in Flemish teens’
digital skill levels?
• H1: Internet access is positively associated with Flemish teens’ digital skill levels.
• H2: Internet use is positively associated with Flemish teens’ digital skill level
• RQ3: Are different types of parental mediation associated with differences in
Flemish teens’ digital skill levels?
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies11
Research questions
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• RQ4: What are the risk actors and factors, resilience factors, and enhancing
factors influencing Flemish teens' physical and mental wellbeing?
• RQ4.1: How are Flemish teens’ digital skill levels associated with their physical
and mental well-being?
• RQ4.2: Does exposure to online risks mediate or moderate the association
between digital skill level and well-being?
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies12
Research questions
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Methodology
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• School survey
• ± 45 minutes
• 14 schools
• 1,436 participants
• March – November 2018
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Belgian survey
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ResultsDescriptive statistics
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Demographics
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Boys Girls I don't know / I'd rather not say
28%
45%
27%
Urban Suburban Rural
GenderAge Residential area
M = 16.11
SD = 1.79
47%49%
4%
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Internet use
Never Sometimes Often Always
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
week weekend
Internet access Internet use
M = 5.60 (= 3h36)
SD = 1.88
M = 6.74 (= 4h45)
SD = 1.87
0.5%
4%
27%
69%
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Parental mediation strategies
Content restrictions
• M = 1.29
• SD = .56
Interaction
• M = 2.09
• SD = .77
Technical restrictions
• M = 1.12
• SD = .21
Co-use
• M = 1.67
• SD = .83
1= Never, 5= Always
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Social Sciences - Institute for Mediastudies19
Well-being
Illness
Handicap
No handicap, no illness
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Physical well-being Mental well-being
97.5%
1.1%
1.3%
M = 7.08
SD = 1.70
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Digital skills
Reflective skills
Basic skills
Advanced skills
Expert skills
E.g. saving photos,
changing privacy settings
E.g. online behavior,
using keyboard shortcutsE.g. programming language,
building websites
E.g. verifying and
sharing information
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ResultsMultivariate regression analysis
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• Age
• Positive association with basic skills (β = .096, p < .01).
• Negative association with expert skills (β = -.096, p < .01).
• Gender (0 = boy; 1 = girl)
• Negative associations with basic skills (β = -.129, p < .001), expert skills (β = -.193,
p < .001) and reflective skills (β = -.097, p < .01).
• Residential area
• No significant associations with digital skill levels.
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies22
RQ1: How do age, gender and residential area predict
Flemish teens’ digital skill levels?
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• H1: Internet access is positively associated with Flemish teens’ digital skill
levels.
• Partially supported
• Positive associations with basic skills (β = .138, p < .001) and reflective skills (β =
.120, p < .01).
• No association with advanced and expert skills.
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies23
RQ2: To which extent do internet access and use play
a role in Flemish teens’ digital skill levels?
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• H2: Frequency of internet use is positively associated with Flemish teens’
digital skill level.
• Partially supported
• Positive associations with basic skills (β = .122, p < .001), advanced skills (β =
.072, p < .05), and expert skills (β = .188, p < .001).
• No association with reflective skills.
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies24
RQ2: To which extent do internet access and use play
a role in Flemish teens’ digital skill levels?
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• No significant associations between any type of parental mediation and any
type of teens’ digital skills.
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies25
RQ3: Are different types of parental mediation
associated with differences in Flemish teens’ digital
skill levels?
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• Mental well-being
• Negative associations with age (β = -.097, p < .05), gender (β = -.152, p < .001), and
internet use (β = -.170, p < .001).
• Positive associations with the interactive parental mediation strategy (β =
.168, p < .01).
• No significant predictors for physical well-being.
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies26
RQ4: What are the risk actors and factors, resilience
factors and enhancing factors influencing Flemish
teens' physical and mental well-being?
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• Physical well-being
• No significant associations with teens’ digital skill levels.
• Mental well-being
• No significant associations with teens’ digital skill levels.
Social Sciences - Institute for Media Studies27
RQ4.1: How are Flemish teens’ digital skill levels
associated with their physical and mental well-being?
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• Hayes’ Process macro for SPSS
• Mediation analyses
• Exposure to online risks is not a significant mediator.
• Direct positive associations between mental well-being and basic (β = .084, p
< .05), expert (β = .086, p < .05), and reflective skills (β = .079, p < .05) become
significant.
• Moderation analyses
• Exposure to online risks is not a significant moderator.
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RQ4.2: Does exposure to online risks mediate or
moderate the association between digital skill level
and well-being?
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• Flemish teens view their digital skills in terms of their difficulty
• These skills are predicted by their age, gender, internet access and internet
use.
• Parental mediation was not related to teens’ digital skill levels.
• The association between digital skill levels and mental well-being becomes
significant when exposure to online risks is included as a mediator.
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Conclusion
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Global Kids Online
Focus on multi-stakeholder perspective
Trust, confidence in one’s skill sets
Focus on SES, gender, area of residence, vulnerable groups
Influence of parents, peers, teachers
Skills for the 21st Century (e.g. problem solving, creative thinking, recognizing
right from wrong news…)
Focus on skills needed for the labour market
Sociale Wetenschappen - Instituut voor Mediastudies30
Whither teens’ research in Asia?