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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Kyungeun Sung Supervised by Tim Cooper & Sarah Kettley Sustainable Consumption Research Group
School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Individual upcycling in the UK: Insights for scaling up towards
sustainable development
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Table of contents
Introduction
Setting the scene
Method
Results
Discussions and conclusion
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Introduction
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Community-level innovations or actions for sustainability
Grassroots innovations (e.g. Davies & Mullin, 2011; Horwitch & Mulloth, 2010; Longhurst & Seyfang, 2011)
Community-driven development (e.g. Alkire et al., 2001; Binswanger & Nguyen, 2005; Dongier et al., 2003)
Bottom-up approach (e.g. Akpomuvie, 2010; Danish, 1995; Rayner, 2010; Smith, 2008)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Grassroots innovations
Social enterprises and social movements for greener economy in developed countries (UK and USA) Low carbon housing & community renewable energy (Seyfang, 2008;2010)
Organic food producer cooperatives (Bekin et al., 2007)
Hubs of innovation (Horwitch & Mulloth, 2010) & social enterprises (Davies & Mullin,
2011)
Transition towns (Longhurst, 2012)
Poverty alleviation and capacity building of the poor in developing countries (India) Honey Bee network (Gupta, 1995; 2000) & ICT for BoP (Heeks, 2012)
Eco-preneurs (Pastakia, 1998) & commercialisation (De Keersmaecker et al, 2012)
Capacity building (Middlemiss & Parrish, 2010)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Community-driven development
Cases in developing countries Problems and challenges (Bebbington et al, 2004; Platteau & Gaspart, 2003)
Obstacles to scaling up (Binswanger & Aiyar, 2003) & success factors for scaling up (Binswanger & Nguyen, 2004)
State-community synergies (Gupta et al., 2003; 2004)
Empowerment (Grootaert, 2003; Krishna, 2003)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Bottom-up approach
Cases in developing countries Self-help strategy for rural development (Akpomuvie, 2010)
Decentralised energy planning (Hiremath et al., 2010)
Sustainable urban development (El Asmar et al., 2012)
Subsistence marketplaces (Viswanathan, et al., 2012)
Inclusive development (marginalised people) (Danish, 1995)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Existing research
Focus on: Expert-led poverty alleviation projects Market-led social enterprises Activists-led social movements
Relative little attention to: Spontaneous, unorganised citizen’s collective actions
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Aims
Introduce the example of spontaneous, unorganised citizen’s collective actions – individual upcycling
Analyse from the perspective of Design for Sustainable Behaviour
Link behavioural insights to strategy development for scaling up
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Setting the scene
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Individual upcycling
Creation or modification of any product out of used materials in an attempt to result in a product of higher quality or value than the compositional elements (Sung, et al., 2014)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Benefits of individual upcycling when scaled up
Environmental benefits (Ali et al., 2013; Goldsmith, 2009; Szaky, 2014)
(-) need for new products > (-) materials and industrial energy > (-) GHGs
(-) municipal solid waste > (-) additional landfill spaces
Economic benefits (Frank, 2013; Lang, 2013)
Money saving SMEs (e.g. Sarah Turner in Sung & Cooper, 2015)
Sociocultural & psychological benefits (Sung, Cooper & Kettley, 2014)
Learning & empowering Sense of community & relaxing …
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Increasing number of upcyclers but still marginal practice
contemporary Maker Movement (Anderson, 2012; Lang, 2013)
Physical resources (e.g. Hackspaces)
Digital resources (e.g. Instructables, Etsy)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Research question
How can this emerging, yet still marginal activity, be scaled up into a mainstream everyday activity in households (and possibly also in industries) to make a bigger impact on the environment and society?
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Aims
Introduce the example of spontaneous, unorganised citizen’s collective actions – individual upcycling
Analyse from the perspective of Design for Sustainable Behaviour
Link behavioural insights to strategy development for scaling up
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Method
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Methods and sampling
Semi-structured interview with 23 British residents (April-July, 2014)
Interview schedule: Behaviour variance – how often; materials (what, how/where to get, how
to choose); what to do with end products Context of the behaviour – when; where; with whom
10 Hackspaces/Makerspaces in 10 cities of 9 regions in England (based on
accessibility + activeness)
A recruiting advertisement on Google groups/forums
13 direct answer + 10 snowball sampling
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Participants
From 9 cities
Between 24~66 years old
17 (74%) British and 6 (26%) non-British
15 (65%) male and 8 (35%) female
12 (52%) in science and engineering; 7 (30%) in art and design; 4 (17%) in other areas (health service, business and management) or unemployed
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Analysis
Anonymised transcripts
QSR NVivo 10 software
Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006)
Categorisation into (1) how often; (2) what materials; (3) how and where to get materials; (4) why particular materials; (5) what to do with end products; (6) when; (7) where; (8) with whom
Grounded codes
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Limitations
May not be generalisable to the overall UK populations/makers/upcyclers based on the sampling method + limited sample
Limited to the particular aspects of the behaviour understanding – excluding behaviour factors, skills level, tools involved, etc.
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Results
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Behaviour variance
Frequency: ‘all the time’ ~ ‘once a year’ depending on the project or job situation enthusiastic hobbyists (environmentalists) ~ pragmatists
Materials: (1) wood/furniture; (2) metal; (3) electronics; (4) fabric; (5) packaging.
Source of materials: (1) online shops + networks (males); (2) skips (males); (3) charity shops; (4) car boot sales
Material selection criteria: (1) potential value; (2) financial saving; (3) high quality; (4) easy to handle; (5) un-recyclability
Use of end products: (1) for oneself; (2) gifts to family/friends; (3) selling (with high aspirations)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Context of behaviour
When: ‘anytime that suits them’ (hobby) or ‘all the time’ (lifestyle)
Where: ‘home’ vs. ‘Hackspace/Makerspace’ (tools and bigger space)
With whom: ‘by oneself’ – difficulty in finding similar-interest people, previous bad collaboration experience, increased productivity, preferences towards no interruption and instruction
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Discussions & Conclusion
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Implications for scaling up (behaviour variance)
Frequency: ‘all the time’ ~ ‘once a year’ depending on the project or job situation enthusiastic hobbyists
(environmentalists) ~ pragmatists enthusiastic upcyclers > entrepreneurs + pragmatic makers > frequent upcycling + non-makers > makers/upcyclers
Materials: (1) wood/furniture; (2) metal; (3) electronics; (4) fabric; (5) packaging focus of materials provision improvement
Source of materials: (1) online shops + networks (males); (2) skips (males); (3) charity shops; (4) car boot sales
unified used material centre + online search platform
Material selection criteria: (1) potential value; (2) financial saving; (3) high quality; (4) easy to handle; (5) un-
recyclability materials information with the estimated potential value, estimated money saving and quality rate
Use of end products: (1) for oneself; (2) gifts to family/friends; (3) selling (with high aspirations) business feasibility test, technical safety test, niche market identification
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Implications for scaling up (context of behaviour)
Where: ‘home’ vs. ‘Hackspace/Makerspace’ (males) tools hiring service and daily/hourly charge for the workshop
With whom: ‘by oneself’ – difficulty in finding similar-interest people, previous bad collaboration
experience, increased productivity, preferences towards no interruption and instruction community match-making events
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Scaling up beyond hobbies and niche enterprises
In-house designers in MNCs: Products worth mass-production
+ production technique worth scaling up (cost-effectiveness and sustainability)
Effective & efficient systems / services to take back products/packaging (extended producer responsibility)
http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/product-content/the-long-and-short/season-one/images/freitag7.jpg
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Scaling up beyond hobbies and niche enterprises
Deepening, broadening & scaling up transition experiments in niches in relation to multi-level perspective (based on Geels and Kemp 2000, De Haan and Rotmans, 2009) from van den Bosch (2010)
Niches in the multi levels of sustainability transitions (Geels, 2011)
Broadening: getting different niches together (linking it with repair, reuse, other types of sustainable DIY activities) niche-cluster niche-regime (van den Bosch, 2010)
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Quick recap
Relative little attention to more spontaneous, unorganised citizen’s collective actions in community-level innovations for SD
Individual upcycling in the UK
Interviews with 23 British residents with practical experience
Variance in behaviour + behavioural context
Behaviour insights strategies for scaling up
Scaling up beyond hobbies and niche enterprises
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Future prospects
Developing, global ‘circular economy’ debate (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015)
Design movement for sustainable change: design activism (Fuad-Luke, 2013); design for social innovation (Manzini, 2015)
How every stakeholder (industry, government, NGOs, citizens) acts and reacts
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Kyungeun Sung, Sustainable Consumption Research Group, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment
Thank you! Any question?
[email protected] http://kyungeunsung.com/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyungeun_Sung