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UNIT-I
1.WhatisSCR?
SiliconControlled Rectifier isa three termin
als (Anode, C
athode
and G
ate), threejunction
and
fourlayersemiconductorswitchingdevice.
2. WhatisIGBT?
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor is a three terminal(Collector, Emitter, gate )power
semiconductordevice. Its a combination of BJT and MOSFET.Itisusedasanelectronicswitch
withhighefficiencyandfastswitching.
3. WhatisTriggeringofanSCR?
TriggeringisnothingbutturnedONprocessofanSCR.
TheSCRcanbetriggered(tunedON)anyoneofthefollowingmethods.
IncreasingforwardvoltagebeyondbreakdownvoltageVBO.
Applyingapositivevoltagetogatewithrespecttocathode(Gatecontrolmethod)
4. WhatisOptoCoupler?
Anoptocouplerusedtoisolatethelowpowercontrolcircuitryfromahighpowerload.
Itconsistsofalightsource,alightsensitivedeviceandaswitchingdevice.
OR
Transferring of an electrical energy between two circuits, without any physical contacts.
5.DefineHoldingCurrent.
It is the minimum anode current, below which SCR turned OFF.
6.DefineLatchingcurrentofanSCR.
Latchingcurrentistheminimumvalueofanodecurrentrequiredtokeep (continuous)theSCRinthe
ON stateafterthegatesignalisremoved.
7.Definedv/dtratingThe dv/dt rating of an SCR indicates themaximum rateof riseof anodevoltage that will not
triggertheSCRwithoutanygatesignal.
8.Definedi/dtrating.
Thedi/dtratingofanSCRindicatesthemaximumallowablerateofchangeofcurrentwhichtheSCR
canwithstandduringitsonstate.
9.HowisSCRturnedOFF?
Bygivingreversevoltagetothegate-cathodeterminal,theSCRwillturnOFF. By reducing anode current below holding current.
10.DefineforwardbreakovervoltageofSCR.
Theminimumforwardvoltagewithgateopen,atwhichSCRstartsconductingheavily(turnon)iscalledtheBreakovervoltage.
11.WhatisreverseblockingregioninSCR?
In the reversebiased condition, the reverse voltage is gradually increased, at aparticular voltage
avalanchebreakdownoccur.Theregionbeforebreakdowniscalledreverseblockingregion.
12.Whatisforwardconductionregion?
ByapplyingagatesignaltoSCR,itwillgoestoheavyconductionintheforwardbiasedcondition.This
regioniscalledasforwardconductionregion.
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13.Mentionthetypesoftriggering.
ACgatetriggering
DCgatetriggering
Pulsedg
atetriggering
14. MentionanythreeapplicationsofSCR
Emergencylight
Automaticbatterychargercircuit
Largepowersupplies
Industrial Applications
15.MentionanythreeapplicationsofMOSFET
ElectronicDCrelay
Switchedmodepowersupply
Inductionheating
Industrial Applications
16.MentionanythreeapplicationsofIGBT
DCandACmotordrives.
Tractionmotorcontrol
UPSsystem
Industrial Applications
17.MentionanythreeapplicationsofGTO
Staticbreakers
Highpowerinverters
Deepseapumpdrives
Industrial Applications
18.M
entionanytworequi
rementsofagatet
rigge
ringci
rcuit
TheSCRshouldbeforwardbiased
Gateshouldbemadepositivewithrespecttocathode
19.Whataretheadvantagesofpulsetraintriggering?
Lowheatisproducedatthegate-cathodejunction.
Thesizeofgateisolationtransformerissmall.
Lowdissipationinreversebiasedstate.
20.WritethreeadvantagesofGTO.
GTOhasfasterswitchingspeed
Ithaslowersizeandweight&Ithashigherefficiency
No need of commutation circuit to turn off.
21.WhatisGTO?Drawitssymbol.
A Gate Turn off Thyristor is a special type of thyristor, a highpower semiconductor device. It
containsthreeterminals,namelyAnode(A),Cathode(K)andGate(G). It can be turned OFF by applying
Negative gate signal to gate.
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22.WhatisMOSFET?
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor is a very fast switching transistor. It has three
terminalscalleddrain(D),source(S)andGate(G).
23.ExpandLASCR,SBS, SUS.LASCR - LightActivatedSCR
SBS - SiliconbilateralSwitch
SUS - Silicon Unilateral Switch
24.WhatisPulsetransformer?
Pulse transformers are often used to couple a trigger pulse generator to a SCR, in order to obtain electrica
isolation between the two circuits.
25. Write the types of pulse triggering.
Single pulse triggering Pulse train triggering
26. Define triggering circuit or firing circuit
A circuit which used to Turn ON the SCRis called triggering circuit or firing circuit.
27. What is thyristor?
Thyristor is a power Semiconductor device. It derived from the properties of a THYRatron tube and a
TransISTOR. THYRISTOR = THYRatron + TransISTOR
28. List some devices on Thyristor family.
SCR Silicon controlled rectifier
IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor
GTO Gate turn off thyristor
MOSFET - MetalOxideSemiconductorFieldEffectTransistor
LASCR - Light Activated SCR
SBS - Silicon bilateral SwitchSUS- Silicon Unilateral Switch
29. Draw the symbols of SCR, IGBT, MOSFET and GTO
UNIT-II
1.WhatisConverter?
AcircuitusedforconvertingACintoDCiscalledconverterorrectifier.
2.WhatisControlledconverter?
A circuit used for converting AC into DC by using SCRs ispopularly known as a controlled
converter.
3.DefinePhasecontrolofanSCR.
AnSCRcanbeturned-ON atanyanglewithrespecttotheappliedvoltage,anditisknownasphase
control.
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4. WhatisCommutation?
Commutation is defined as the process of turning OFF a SCR. (or) Theprocess of transferring
conductionfromoneSCRtoanotherSCRistermedascommutation.
5.WhatisChopper
?AchopperisastaticdevicethatconvertstheinputDCvoltageintofixedorvariableDCoutput
voltage.
6.GivetwoapplicationsofDCchopper.
Electricautomobiles(batteryoperatedvehicle)
Trolleycars
Industrial applications
7.MentionthetwotypesofCommutation.
NaturalCommutation
ForcedCommutation
8.WhatisNaturalCommutation?(Linecommutation)
TheSCRwillbeturnedOFFduetothenaturalbehaviorofsourcevoltagei.e,thecurrentgoesthrough
naturalzero.ThesetypesofcommutationareknownasNaturalcommutationorLinecommutation.
9.WhatisForcedCommutation?
If the inputvoltageof SCR isDC, then its forwardcurrent is forced to zerobyusingacommutation
circuittoturnOFFtheSCR.ThistypeofcommutationiscalledasForcedCommutation.
OR
If the SCR is turned OFF by an External circuit then it is called as forced commutation.
10. WhatisanACchopper
Voltage changing circuits employing semiconductordevices as a static switch, areknown as AC
choppers.
11.WhatisFreewheelingdiode?
The flywheel or free wheel diode helps to turn OFF the SCR and improves load current
waveformandprovidehigherDCoutputvoltage.
12.WhatisDCchopper?
DCchopperconvertsdirectlyfromDCtoDCrelativelywithanewtechnology.
13.Mentionthetypesofphasecontrolledconverters.
a.Singlephaseconverters
b.Threephaseconverters
Eachoftheabovetypesisagainsubdividedinto
Semiconverter
Fullconverter
Dualconverter
14. Mentiontheadvantagesofthephasecontrolledconverters
Simplecircuit
Highefficiency
Lessexpensive.
15. Mentionthetypesofforcedcommutation
ClassAcommutation
ClassBcommutation
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ClassCcommutation
ClassDcommutation
ClassEcommutation
Class
Fcommut
ation
16.MentionthemethodstovarytheaverageoutputvoltageinDCchopper.
Variablefrequencycontrol
Constantfrequencycontrol
17. Define commutation circuit.
A circuit which uses to turn OFF the SCR is called Commutation circuit.
18. What is duty cycle.
Duty cycle () is an operating period of chopper. Its a ratio between Ton to (Ton + Toff).
Duty cycle() = Ton / (Ton + Toff)
19. Give the disadvantage of Johns chopper
SCRs with higher PIV rating is required.
20. How the SCR is turned OFF?
1) its anode current falls below the holding current
2) Applying reverse voltage to SCR
UNIT-III
1.Whatisaninverter?
DCtoACConvertersisknownasinverters.
2.Mentiontherequirementsofaninverter
Outputwaveformshouldbesinusoidal
Outputvoltage
shouldbecontroll
able
Itshouldbeabletooperatewithaninductiveload
Ithastooperatedevenwithoutload
3.Givetheapplicationsofinverter
VariablespeedACmotordrives
Emergencylightcircuits
Stand-bypowersuppliesforrelays
Industrial Applications
Stand-bypowersuppliesforcomputers
4.WhatisUPS?
Uninterruptablepowersupplycombinesapowersupplywithabatterytoprovideacircuitcan
provideoutputpowerwhiletheincomingpowerisdown.
It is a Stand by sources for critical loads where normal AC supplies are not available.
5.MentionthetypesofUPS.
OFF-lineUPS
ON-lineUPS
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6.GiveanytwodifferencebetweenonlineandofflineUPS
S.No. OFF-lineUPS ON-lineUPS
1. The inverter comes intoplay only when
theACmain
sf
ail
s
The inverter is always powered
irrespectiveoftheACm
ain
s
2. It introduces some delay during change
over frommain to inverter, and inverter
tomain
Nodelayduringchangeoverperiod.
7.MentiontheadvantagesONlineUPS
Always provide regulated output to load.
It protects the load from Surges, noise frequency vibrations
Inverter output frequency can be maintained at the desiredvalue.
8.Mentionthemethodstoobtainsinewaveoutputfromaninverter.
Resonatingtheload
Us
ingproperfilters
Usingpulsewidthmodulation
Usingsinewavesynthesis
Usingpoly-phaseinverters
9.Mentionthemethodstocontroltheoutputvoltagefromaninverter.
ControlofDCinputvoltageofinverter
ControlofACoutputvoltageofinverter
Controlofvoltagewithintheinverter
10.MentiontheadvantagesofMcMurrayinverter.
IndependenthalfcyclecontrolallowsPWMoperation.
Higherefficiencyatlightloadsisthusachieved.
Aportion of commutating energy is stored in an inductor and returned to thecommutating
capacitor.
Lowcommutationlossesatlowerloads.
11.WhatisSMPS?
Switched Mode Power Supplies provide regulated output voltage with more efficiency. They do no
requirethelargertransformersandfilteringdevices.
12.MentiontheadvantagesofDCtransmissionsystem.
Used for long distance electricity transmission
PoweroneachDCpoleisindependentlycontrollable.
Intermediateswitchingstationsarenotrequired.
Nocorona loss ADCsystemoffershighdegreeofreliabilityatreducedcost.
Noskineffect.
13.MentiontheadvantagesofSMPSoverlinearpowersupplies.
Forthesamepowerrating,SMPSissmallersizelighterinweightandpossesseshigherefficiency.
SMPSislesssensitivetoinputvariations.
14.MentionfiveapplicationsofSMPS.
Televisionsandmonitors.
PrintersandFAX machines.
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VCRsandportableCDplayers.
Computers.
Laptopandcamcorderpowerpacks.
15. What is HVDC(High Voltage Direct Current) transmissionHVDC is used for long distance electricity transmission. When comparing with AC transmission method
Additionally it uses converters for HVDC systems. It can transmit upto 2000V.
16. Mention the types of HVDC
1) Uni-polar HVDC it uses single conductor only.
2) Bi-polar HVDC it uses two conductors.
17. What is the need of control circuit in SMPS
Control circuit is consisting of feedback loop, Oscillator, comparator and duty cycle control. Control circuit
ensures the regulated output of SMPSby using above mentioned parts.
18. Expand SMPS, HVDC, UPS
SMPS - SwitchedModePowerSupplies
HVDC - High Voltage Direct Current
UPS - Uninterruptablepowersupply
19. What is meant by duty cycle control in SMPS?
Pulse Width Modulation technic is used for Duty cycle control. It vary pulse by pulseto provide
an accurate output voltage.
20. What is parallel inverter?
During the working of inverter , the commutating capacitor (C) comes in to parallel with the
loadis called Parallel inverter.
UNIT-IV
1.WhatisPLC?ProgrammableLogicController (PLC)isasolid state system, with a programmable memory for
storing instructions and implements specific functions such as logic, timing, sequencing and
arithmetic to control machines and processes.
2.Whatisarelay?
Relay isanelectrically operated deviceand it isused for controllinghighvoltage andcurrent
devices with a low voltage and current control signal. It may have NO and NC contacts or both the
combinations.
3.Whatisinputmodule?
Theinputdeviceslikepushbuttons,limitswitches,analogsensorsarewiredtoinputmodulewhichis
usedtogiveinputstotheprocessor.
4.MentiontheinputswitchingdeviceusedinPLC.
Limitswitches,
Pushbuttonsandanalogsensors.
5.MentiontheoutputdevicesusedinPLC.
Contactors,solenoidvalves,indicatorlightsandpositioningvalves.
6.WhatarethepartsofPLC?
Itconsistsoffiveparts.Namely, 1) Processorunit
2) Powersupply
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3) Memory
4) Input/outputsection
5) Programming Device
7.StateanytwoadvantagesofPLC. Flexibilityandlowercost
Implementingchangesandcorrectingerrors
Reliabilityandmaintainability
Easyofchangebyreprogramming
8.Whatisladderprogramming?
Relay ladderlogic isagraphical programming language for PLCs. The ladderdiagramlanguage i
basicallyasymbolicsetofinstructionsusedtocreatethecontrollerprogram.
8.StateanddrawANDlogicfunction.
InANDlogic twoormoreswitchesareconnectedinaserialmanner.Theswitchassemblyis
usedtocontroltheload.
9.Mentionthetypesofrelays.
i)Electromechanicalrelay
ii)Solidstaterelay
iii)Timingrelay
iv)Latchedrelay
10. GivethefeaturesofPLC.
i)Theinputandoutputstatusareindividuallyindicated
ii)Separatedisplaycommentsareavailable
iii)Itprovidesisolationbetweeninputandoutput.
11. GiveanytwodifferencebetweenPLCandhardwiredcircuit.
S.no. PLCcircuit Ha
rdwi
redci
rcuit
1. It is a programmable one. So
modificationiseasy.
Relays have to be hardwired to perform a
specificfunction.Somodificationisdifficult.
2. Powerconsumptionisreduced Power consumptionishigh
3. Very reliable operation Non- reliable
4. Speed of operation is High Speed of operation is Low
12. MentionthetypesofI/Omodule.
i)AnalogI/O ii)Digital(Discrete) I/O
13. What is timing relay (Timer)?
Timing relays are conventional relays , which used to provide time delayfor opening or closing the contacts.
14. What are the types timing relay OR Timer
1) ON delaytiming relay ( DOE- Delay On Energize)
2) OFF delaytiming relay (DODE- Delay On De-Energize)
15. What is ON delay?
When the supply is given to coil, the contacts changes its positions (NO/NC) after some delay. It also called
Delay on Energize(DOE).
16. What is OFF delay?
When supply is given to relay coil, the contacts areimmediately changes its position (NO/NC) and after some
delay it backs to its normal position.
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17. What is meant by latching or latching relay?
Latching is a process of hold the relayon ONcondition after power has been removed.
18. Give some examples of Analog input devices and digital input devices.
Example for Analog i/p devices Sensors, Temperature probesExample for Digital i/p devices Push buttons, Limit switches
19. Give some examples of Analog output devices and digital output devices.
Analog o/p devices Positioning Valves
Digital o/p devices Contactors, relays , solenoid valves
20. What is meant by Analog i/o and digital i/o modules?
Digital I/O sections are either ONor OFF / Energize orDe-Energize
Analog I/O sections it have infinite number of possible values
21. What is the use of processor in PLC?
Processor is a brain of a PLC. It reads and executesthe operations according to the instructions.
22. What is the need of memory device in PLC?
Memory device is used to stores the instructionsgiven in the programs. It uses ROM, RAM and EEPROM.
23. Write the types of Memory.
24. Draw the Symbols for Input and Output Device.
UNIT-V
1.Whatissteppermotor?
Steppermotorisamotorwhichrotatestepbystepinbothclockwiseandanticlockwisedirection.
2.DefineCNC.
ComputerNumericalControlperformsallthebasicfunctionbyprogram.Theprogramsarestoredinthe
memory. In CNC process involves a small digital computer.
3.Mentiontheapplicationofnumericalcontrol.
Drillingmachine
lathesandgrinders
System Memory (ROM)Application Memory
User instruction Memory (RAM) Variable Data Memory (EEPROM)
MEMORY
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Flamecutters
Millingmachines
4.WritetheadvantagesofNumericalcontrolsystems.
Highlyflexibleandeconomic
al.
Highaccuracyatallrangesofspeedsandfeeds.
Productiontimeislow.
Noneedofhighlyskilledoperator.
5.DefineNumerical Control (N/C).
Controlling a machine toolby apreparedprogram, which consists of series of numbers, isknown a
numericalcontrol. OR
A system which operations are controlled by insertion of numerical data.
6.Whatispartprogramming?
Theprogramiswrittenbyusingthecollecteddatasisknownaspartprogrammingwhichisdone
bythepartprogrammer.Thedatastakenfromthedrawingdimensions.
7.Writethestepsforpartprogramming?
Collectionofalldatarequiredtoproduceapart
Calculationofatoolpathalongwhichthemachineoperationswillbeperformed.
Arrangementofthealreadygivenandcalculateddatainastandardformat.
8.WhatisRobot?
Arobotisareprogrammable,multifunctionalmanipulatorwhicharecomputercontrolleddevices,i
performtasksusuallydonebyhumans.
9.MentionthedrivingdevicesusedinNumericalcontrolsystem.
LeadscrewforX-axisdrive,Y-axisdrive&Z-axisdrive.TheControlLogicUnit(CLU)operates
thedrivingdevicesofthemachineleadscrews.
10.M
entiontheadvantagesofRobots. Productivity &Speed
Quality
Production
Managementcontrol
11. MentionthepartsofPostprocessor.
Postprocessorconsistsof,
Inputelement
Motionelement
Auxiliaryelement
Outputelement
Controlelement
12. DefinePostprocessor.
Post processor is additional computer program. It generates output in a control tape or punched tape by
using standard peripheral devices.
Postprocessor translates theprocessed information from the computer into the coded instructions
necessaryforoperatingtheN/Csystem.
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13. MentionthetwodifferencesbetweenNCandCNC.
S.No. Numericalcontrol Computernumericalcontrol
1. Programstoredinpunchedtape Programstoredincomputermemory
2. Repeateduseofpapertapewilldestroyit Sinceprogramisstoredinmemorynosuchproblearises
3. Making changes in program is very difficult Making changes in program is vey easy.
14. Whatisinterpolator?
It supplies current velocity commandsbetween two datapoints taken from the drawing. For
complicated parts, the required additional data points will be calculated automatically by an
interpolator.
Interpolator permits the generation of circular, slope, and parabolic paths with high degree of
accuracy.
15. Whatarethevariouspostprocessorelements?
Input element Motion element Auxiliary element Output element Control element
16. Listthetypesoftapereader.
Mechanicaltype
Photoelectrictype
17. StatetheadvantagesofCNCsystem. Increasedflexibility
Reductioninhardwarecircuits
CNCiscompatiblewithDNC
18. What are the parts of Numerical Control(N/C) machine?
1) N/C program part (punched tape)
2) Machine Control Unit (MCU)
3) Machine
19. What are the parts of MCU (Machine control Unit)
1) Data processing Unit (DPU)
2) Control Logic Unit (CLU)
20. What is Data Processing Unit (DPU)?
Data processing unit receives the coded information from a tape, and it decodes it to the CLU.
21. What are the parts of DPU?
1) Data input device
2) Tape reader circuit
3) Decode circuits
4) Interpolator
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22. What are datas contains in DPU?
1)Position of each axis
2)Directions of motion
3)Auxiliary function4)Dimensions ( length, speed, width etc.,)
23. What is CLU ? and What are the units of CLU (control logic unit)?
CLU operates the driving devicesbased on the program punched in tape.
Units of CLU:
1) Position Control Loop
2) Velocity or Speed control loop
3) Auxiliary circuits
24. Mention some programming systems for Numerical control system (N/C)
1. APT Automatic programmed tools
2. ADAPT Adaption of APT
3. EXAPT Extended subset of APT
4. AUTOSPOT- Automatic system and positioning tools
5. AUTOMAP
6. AUTOPROMPT
7. CAMP II
8. SPLIT
25. What is meant by sprocket channel?
Series of equal width pulses, which produced from the punched tape. Sprocket holes are smaller than the data
holes.
26. Mention the types of data processing techniques on Part programming.
Manual Programming
Computer programming
27. What is manuscript?
Manuscript is a planning chart or list of instructions to describe the operations of machine.
Manuscript is typed with flexo writer on Punched tape or paper.28.Write the advantages of using computer for part programming?
1) Perform the mathematical calculations quickly and accurately
2) high reliability
3)Elimination of Human Errors
4) easy to program.
29.what are the parts of Motion element in Postprocessor?
1) Geometry package
2) dynamic package
30. What are the types of numerical control?
1) Computer numerical control(CNC)
2) Direct Numerical control (DNC)
3) Adaptive control (AC)
31. What is time based generator? What are the functions of Pulse generator?
Time based Generator (TMG) contains the main clock of 2.5MHz pulse generator for the system .
Functions of Pulse generator:
Direct feeding of control loops
Generating reference signals
Producing interrupt pulses
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32. How the computer is connected with the controller of CNC?
Controller is connected with computer by following lines:
Interrupt Input Lines
Digital Input LinesDigital output Lines
33. What are the three laws of Robotics?
1) A robot must not harm humans
2) A robot must obey a human being
3) A robot must protect itself from harm
12 MARKS
UNIT 1
1. Explain SCR2. Explain IGBT3. Explain MOSFET4. Explain GTO5. Explain Gate triggering methods6. Explain Pulse transformer triggering7. Explain opto isolator triggering8. Explain RC half wave triggering and RC full wave triggering methods9. Explain synchronized UJT triggering
UNIT 2
1. Explain single phase half controlled bridge converter with Resistive(R) load and RL load.2. Explain single phase full controlled bridge converter with Resistive(R) load and RL load.3.
Explain the importance of fly wheel diode
OR
Explain single phase bridge converter with RL load using Flywheel diode (Half controlled & Full controlled)
4. Explain Commutation and its types (6 Marks)5. Explain basic DC chopper operation6. Explain jones chopper (Typical chopper)7. Explain single phase AC chopper8. Explain Chopper using MOSFET
UNIT 3
1. Explain Single phase full bridge inverter with Resistive (R) load and RL load.2. Explain the methods to obtain sinewave from an inverter (6 MARKS).3. Explain the methods to output voltage control of an Inverter4. Explain McMurray inverters5. Explain parallel inverter using IGBT6. Explain HVDC transmission with its Types7. Explain SMPS8. Explain UPS with its types
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UNIT 4
1. Explain Relay with its types2. Explain PLC with neat block diagram3.
Explain basic Input and Output modules with neat diagrams
4. Draw ladder logic for LOGIC functions and explain it.5. Draw ladder logic for star delta starter and explain it.6. Draw ladder logic for conveyor control process and explain it.7. Draw ladder logic for Lift control process and explain it.
UNIT 5
1. Explain Numerical Control (N/C) System with neat block diagram.2. Explain Data processing Unit and Data reading Technique.
Or
Explain Data reading or Photo electric tape reader
3. Explain Part programming4. Explain Post processor with neat block diagram5. Explain CNC with Neat block diagram6. Explain basics of Robotics
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