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Industrialization of Russia & Japan
Chapter 27
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Russia
• 1800s Russia consolidated power – w/absolute power in the Romanov’s hands
• Most citizens were serfs with no rights– living slave-like existence
• Used secret police to squash rebellions • Some (western-influenced) elites wanted
reforms
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Russian Reforms• 1860s Alexander II started reforms inspired by
the Enlightenment– Emancipation Edict—abolished serfdom, but
didn’t help b/c serfs had small amounts of land and owed the government $$ so difficult to make improvements (doc)
– Some went to the cities to work in the factories– Built the trans-Siberia RR & major steel industry
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Russia• Late 1800s small middle class grew• Arts flourished (mid-1800s-)
– Anna Karenina, War & Peace– Swan Lake, Nutcracker
• Alexander II assassinated by a political group called The People’s Will– One bomber struck bulletproof carriage, second bomber threw explosive
under Alexander II (died later that day) 1881– Lead to pogroms
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Russia• Nicholas II (1894-1917)– Russo-Japanese War (1904)– Russian Revolution (1905)
• Moderates marched on the czar’s palace in protest in order to reform- “Bloody Sunday” – Troops fired on protestors– Resentment of the working class
– Stolypin Reforms– Creation of the Duma (1906)
• Hollow instrument because he couldn’t relinquish power– Continued police aggression– Japanese advancement- refocus on the Balkans…maintain
diplomatic standing • WWI
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Japan
• 1600-1700s successful at keeping Europe out– Highly ethnocentric and isolationist– Citizens were not allowed to travel abroad
• 1800s Industrial Revolution– Europe & US more powerful and demanding
access to markets
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Japan• 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry (US) arrived
on a steamboat– Realized their isolation not to be able to
compete economically and militarily
• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)—US favored – Caused the Nationalist to get mad– BUT organized (not like China) and the samurai
revolted against the shogun and restored the Emperor Meiji
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Japan – Meiji Restoration• Shogun Out, Emperor In, Westerners Out• Japanese Westernization– Metric system, clocks, calendar, fashions NOT religion
• Emerged as a world power• Building RRs and steamships• 1876 samurai class abolished and universal military
service was established• 1890s able to reduce European & US influence
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Japan
• Meiji Imperial Victories– 1895 defeat China for control of Korea and Taiwan– 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War • Removed Russia from Manchuria and established its
own sphere of influence • Fought over rival imperial ambitions• Japan was victorious (more powerful navy)
– Imperial power
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Compare & Contrast Industrial Revolution in Europe and Japan
• Japan’s was faster (a few decades to Europe’s century)
• Japan didn’t have to invent, but implement• Private corporations formed (i.e. Mitsubishi)– Built factories– Urbanized– Encouraged reforms