Download - Information Technology
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Information Technology
V.K.Muarleedharan
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What is a Computer ?
• A computer is an electronic machine that process raw data
under
program
control to give meaningful information with speed and accuracy.
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Characteristics of Computers:
Speed Accuracy High Storage Capacity Reliability Versatality Automation
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Limitations of Computers :
• Lack of Commonsense• Inability to Correct• Dependence on human assistance
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History of Computers :
• ‘Abacus’
–
The first known calculating machine (600 BC)
• Mechanical Calculator –
Blaisie
Pascal (1645), French Scientist and Mathematician.
• Multiplying Machine –
Gottfried Leibnitz
(1671), German Scientist.
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History of Computers......cont....
• Jacquard’s Loom –
Mr. Joseph Mary Jacquard(1804), French Man.
• Difference Engine –
Charles Babbage (1813), English Scientist & Mathematician.
• Analytical Engine–
Charles Babbage (1863), English Scientist & Mathematician.
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History of Computers......Cont..
• Charls
Babbage –
The father of Computers
• Punched Card Machine –
Dr. Herman Hollerith
(1890), U.S. Scientist.
• Harward
Mark I –
Howard Aiken (1937), in association with IBM
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History of Computers......Cont..• ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator) –
Scientists of Harward University (1943), First Electronic
Computer• EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage and
Calculations) –
University of Manchester (1947)
• UNIVAC-I –
Sperry Rand Corporation , USA (1951)
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History of Computers......Cont..• 1953 : IBM introduced IBM 650• 1961 : First commercial IC• 1968 : Founded Intel Corporation• 1972 : First 8 bit microprocessor by Intel• 1977 : Founded Apple Computer Company• 1968 : Founded Intel Corporation• ...............
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Types of Computers
• Analog Computer• Digital Computer• Hybrid Computer
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Analog Computer
“The variables are represented by continuous physical quantities”
Mainly used for Engineering and Scientific applications.
Speed but not accurate
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Digital Computer
“works on discontineous
data (descrete
data). Convert the data in
to digits ”
Widely used for business and personal applications
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Hybrid Computers
“utilise
the best qualities of both digital and analog computer. It is a combination of Digital and Analog
computers ”
Widely used in hospitals
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Number System1. Decimal System : Consists of 10 numbers or symbols
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8&9) Base 10 system Positional Value system (value
depends upon position Eg
: 4672 –
(‘4’is the MSD & 2 is the LSD)
can be written as :(4X103)+ (6X102)+ (7X101)+ (2X100) = 4672
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Number System.....cont..
2. Binary System: Consists of only 2 numbers or
symbols (0,1) Base 2 system Positional Value system Eg
: 11can be written as : 1 0 1 1
(1X23)+ (0X22)+ (1X21)+ (1X20) = 11
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Number System.....cont..
3. Octal Number System: Consists of only 8 possible digits
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6&7)
Base 8 system 4. Hexa
Decimal Number System:
Consists of only 16 possible digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 +A,B, etc.)
Base 16 system
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Bits & Bytes
1. Bits : Short form of ‘Binary Digits’ Numbers in a binary number system.2. Bytes : Combination of 8 Bits makes one
character (Byte)
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Others Measures Kilobyte
(KB)
(210) =
1024
Megabyte (MB)
(220) =
1048576
Gigabyte
(GB)
(230) =
1073741824
Terabyte
(TB)
(240) =
1099511627776
Petaabyte
(PB)
(250) =
1125899906842624
Exabyte
(EB)
(260) =
Setabyte
(SB)
(270) =
Yotabyte
(YB)
(280) =
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Data Representation Standards
BCD System (Binary Coded Decimal)
ASCII System (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
EBCDIC System (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
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Boolean Algebra
Boolean constants and variables are allowed to have only two possible values that is ‘0 & 1’. This is used for getting best possible result.Three Basic Operations (Gates)
(1) OR, (2) AND & (3) NOT
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Boolean Algebra......
OR Gate : Output Y=A+BAND Gate
: Output Y=A.B
NOT Gate (Single input) : Output Y=A
NOR Gate (Combination of NOT & OR): Output Y=A+B
NAND (Combination of NOT & AND) :
Out put Y = A.B
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Boolean Algebra......
OR Gate : Output Y=A+B
AND Gate
: Output Y=A.B
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Boolean Algebra......NOT Gate (Single input)
: Output Y=A
NOR Gate (Combination of NOT & OR): Output Y=A+B
NAND (Combination of NOT & AND) :
Out put Y = A.B
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Structure of a Computer
ALU
CU Registers
Input Unit
Output Unit
Memory Unit
CPU
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Terms
1.
CPU –
Central Processing Unit –
Most Important componant
-
Processing
operations are taken place here2.
ALU –
Arithmetic Logic Unit –
Logical
operations like calculations, comparisons are taken place here.
3.
CU (Control Unit) –
Control Unit directs and Co-ordinates all operations of a computer.
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Memory UnitTwo types of Memory :
1. Primary Memory (Main Memory)
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
a) PROM (Programmable ROM)b) EPROM (Erasable PROM)c) EEPROM (Electrically EPROM)
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Memory Unit cont....1. Secondary Memory (Auxiliary Memory)
1. Magnetic Tape2. Magnetic Disk3. Floppy Disk (3.5”, 5.25”
& 8”)
4. Hard Disk (Metallic disk pack )5. Optical Disk6. Magnetic Bubble Memory (MBM)
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Input & Output Devices
1. Input Devices : Used to enter data in to the computer.
1. Key Board2. Mouse3. Joystick4. Light Pen5. Magnetic Ink Character Reader
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Input & Output Devices....cont...
6. Punched Card Reader7. OMR (Optical Mark Reader)8. Optical Character Reader (OCR)9. Bar Code Reader10. Voice Recognition system11. Scanner
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Input & Output Devices
1. Output Devices : Used to supply the processed information to the users.
1. Visual Disply
Unit (VDU)Monitor
etc.2. Printer3. Plotter4. Voice Response devices (Speaker etc.)
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Computer Hardware & Software
1. Hardware : All electronic, magnetic and mechanical components used in a computer system Eg
:
1. Key Board2. Mouse3. Mother board4. Hard Disk5. Removable drives etc.
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Computer Hardware & Software
1. Software : Programs or sequence of instructions given to a computer to perform a particular task.
Types of Software :1. System Software :Programs needed to manage and support a
computer system and its information processisng activities.
Eg. Operating system, Programming Language Utility Programmes
etc.
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Computer Hardware & Software
1. Application Software :Programs designed to accomplish a particular task. That is program for specific application only
Eg. Program for word processing, Spread sheet, Animation etc.
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Operating System
Operating system : An interface between the User and the Hardware. OS controls all componants
of a computer system.
Functions of Operating System :1. Job Management2. Resource Management3. Data Management
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Operating System.......
Types of Operating System :1. Single Program OS2. Multiprogram
OS
3. Time Sharing OS4. Real Time OS5. Multiprocessing OS
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Operating System......
Popular Operating Systems :1. DOS (Disk Operating System)2. Windows (Version 1, 1.1......Vista)3. Linux4. UNIX -UNiplexed
Information Computing
System (UNICS)-1970s
5. Mac.
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Operating System......
CUI
–
Character user interface (Support only characters)
(Eg. DOS)GUI
–
Graphic user interface (Graphical
supporting like sound, video, image etc.)(Eg. Windows, Linux etc.)
DMA - Direct Memory Access (less effort to OS)
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Computer Languages
A standaised
communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer.
Used to develop programs or softwares.Types of Computer Languages :
1. Machine Languages2. Low level Languages (Assembly Languages)3. High level Languages
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Computer Languages........
Machine Language : Written by using binary digits. High end technical knowledge is required.
Low level Languages (Assembly Languages) :Processed byan
assembler which translate the
assembly language in to machine language
High level Languages (Compiler Languages) :Closely resembles human language and make use of common mathematical notations.Eg
: COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC Etc.
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Data Processing
Data : unorganised
facts but able to be organised in to useful information.
Eg
: Name, Date of birth, Age, Mark etc.
Database : Collection of unorganised
facts
but able to be organised
in to useful information.Eg
: Student details, Employee details, etc.
Information : Manipulated or organised
data.
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Data Processing.......
Data Base Management System (DBMS) : Interface between user and database. Programe
used for manipulating or processing the database to get meaningful informationEg
: ORACLE, MS-Access etc.
Database Architecture (Data Models) :
Hierarchical Model
Network Model
Relational Model (RDBMS)Relational Data Base Management System-very popular
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Computer Network
Interconnected collection of independent computers
Types of Network:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
3.
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Network Topologies
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Bus Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
3.