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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
SMEP METALLURGICAL ENGINEERINGLECTURE SERIES
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EQUILIBRIUM PRINCIPLES AND ITSAPPLICATIONS TO IONIC EQUILIBRIA INAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
REACTION RATES
Reaction Rate- describes how fast theconcentration of a reactant or product changes
with time Rate of change [A] = delta [A]/ delta time
Rate of reaction [A] = - rate of change [A]
Instantaneous Rate of Reaction- determinedfrom the slope of a tangent lines to aconcentration-time graph
Initial Rate of Reaction- reaction rate whenthe reactants are first brought together.
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RATE LAW The rate of reaction depends on the concentrations of
reactants.
aA + bB + gG + hH
The exponents, m,n.. are not generally related to thestoichiometric coefficients. They are the order ofreactions. The overall order of reaction is the sum ofall the exponents.
Rate constant, k- relates the rate of reaction toreactant concentrations, the larger the value, thefaster the reaction goes.
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ZERO ORDER REACTIONS
The zero-order reaction as a rate equation in whichthe sum of the exponents m+n+.. is equal to 0.
A products
The concentration-time graph is a straight line with anegative slope
The rate of reaction, which is equal to k and remainsconstant throughout the reaction, is the negative ofthe slope of this line.
The units of k are the same as the units of the rate ofa concentration (mol/L-s)
Integrated rate equation:y= mx + b [A]t = -kt + [A]0
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FIRST ORDER REACTIONS The first order reaction has a rate equation in
which the sum of the exponents is equal to 1. Acommon type is a single reactant decomposes
into products.A products
e.g. 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
Integrated rate equation:
Half life of a reaction is the time required forone-half of a reactant to be consumed.
Akreactionofrate
22OHkreactionofrate
ktA
A t 0
ln 0lnln AktA t
k
t2ln
2/1
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SECOND ORDER REACTIONS
The second order reaction has a rateequation in which the sum of the
exponents is equal to 2.
A products
Integrated rate equation:
2Akreactionofrate
0
11
Akt
A t
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THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ONREACTION RATES
RTEaAek /
211
2 11ln
TTR
E
k
k a
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ACIDS AND BASES
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, Kc- allows usto calculate equilibrium concentrations ofreactants and products
aA + bB = gG +hH
When we reverse an equation, we invert the value of Kc
When we multiply the coefficients in a balanced equation
by a corresponding factor, we raise the equilibriumconstant to the corresponding power.
When we divide the coefficients in a balanced equation bya common factor, we take the corresponding root of theequilibrium constant.
ba
hg
cBA
HGK
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Reaction quotient, Qc ratio ofinitial concentrations in a reactionmixture that has the same form asthe equilibrium constant expression
If Qc=Kc a reaction is at equilibrium
If QcKc a net reaction proceeds from
right to left (reverse direction)
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ARRHENIUS THEORY
In aqueous solution a strong electrolyte exists only inthe form of ions, whereas a weak electrolyte existspartly as ions and partly as molecules.
A neutralization reaction involves the combination ofhydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to form water.
HCl H+ + Cl-
NaOH Na+ +OH-
Neutralization reaction:
H+ + Cl- + Na+ +OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2OAcid base salt
Net ionic equation: H+ + OH- H2O
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BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY
Acid is proton donor, and a base is a protonacceptor
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-base acid acid base
amphiprotic substances- can act either as anacid or a base (H+)
amphoteric substances- can act either as anacidic or basic oxide (Al2O3), associated withelements having electronegativities in anintermediate range.
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LEWIS ACID AND BASE THEORY
Lewis acid-base theory is not limited toreactions involving H+ and OH-, it
extends to reactions in gases and insolids.
Lewis acid is a species (atom, ion ormolecule) that is an electron pairacceptor and a Lewis base is a speciesthat is an electron pair donor.
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SELF IONIZATION OF WATER AND THE pH SCALE Self Ionization of water- for each H2O molecule that acts as
an acid another acts as base, and hydronium (H3O+) andhydroxide (OH-) ions are formed.
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
Kc=[ H
3O+][OH-]
At 25oC: [ H3O+]=[OH-]= 1.0 x 10-7 MKw= [ H3O+][OH-]=1.0 x 10-14
pH- potential of hydrogen ion
pH= - log [H3O+] pOH= - log [OH-] pKw = pH + pOH= 14
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Percent ionization- gives the proportionof ionized molecules on a percentage basis.
Percent ionization of a weak acid or a weakbase increases as the solution becomesmore dilute.
Polyprotic or polybasic acids- acids withmore than one ionizable H atom permolecule.
%1003 xHAofmolarityinitial
HAfromderivedOHmolarityionizationpercent
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Hydrolysis- a reaction between an ion andwater
Salts of strong bases and strong acids do not
hydrolyze, pH=7 Salts of strong bases and weak acids hydrolyze,
pH>7 (anion acts as base)
Salts of weak bases and strong acids hydrolyze,pH
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Solutions of Weak Acids/Bases and StrongAcids/Bases The common ion effect is the suppression of the
ionization of a weak electrolyte caused by theaddition of an ion that is also a product of the
ionization equilibrium of weak electrolyte. When a strong electrolyte supplies the common ion
(H3O+ for acids, and OH- for bases) the equilibriumshifts.
Solutions of Weak Acids/Bases and Their Salts The salt of a weak acid/base is a strong electrolyte-
its ions become completely dissociated from oneanother in aqueous solution. The presence of thecommon ion suppresses the ionization of the weakacid/base.
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Buffer capacity- the amount of acid or base that abuffer can neutralize before its pH changeappreciably. The maximum buffer capacity existswhen the concentration of a weak acid and itsconjugate base are kept large and approximatelyequal to each other.
Buffer range- pH range in which a buffer effectivelyneutralizes added acids and bases and maintains afairly constant pH.
A range of 2 pH units is the maximum range to which abuffer solution should be exposed.
acid
baseconjugatepKpH
a
log
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Complex ion- is a polyatomic cation or anioncomposed of a central metal ion to which othergroups (molecules or ions) are bonded. Substancescontaining complex ions belong to a category ofcompounds called coordination compounds.
Kf- formation constant is the equilibrium constantthat is used to deal with a complex ion equilibrium, itdescribes the formation of a complex ion from acentral ion and its ligands.
Kfare usually large numbers which distinguish Kf fromother equilibrium constants.
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POSITIVE IONS BEHAVIOR ANDDETERMINATION
Qualitative Analysis of Cations- aims at identifying the cations present ina mixture but not their quantities
Cations are divided into five groups depending on differing solubilities of theircompounds.
Group I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Precipitated in 1 M HCl
Group II: Bi3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, (Pb2+), Sb3+ and Sb5+, Sn2+ and Sn4+Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 0.5
Group III: Al3+, (Cd2+), Co2+, Cr3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 9
Group IV: Ba2+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg+ are precipitated in 0.2 M (NH4)2CO3 solution at pH 10;the other ions are soluble
Group V: The resulting solution consists of the soluble ions in water, Na+,K+, NH4+
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Dissolving Metal sulfides Increase the solubility of any sulfide by allowing
it to react with acid.
Use an oxidizing acid such as HNO3
3CuS (s) + 8 H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) 2 Cu
2+(aq) + 3 S (s) +2 NO (g)+ 4 H2O
A few metal sulfides dissolve in basic solutionwith a high concentration of HS-. The subgroup
consisting of HgS , PbS, CuS , Bi2S3 and CdSremains undissolved after treatment with analkaline solution with an excess of HS- butAs2S3. Sb2S3 and SnS2 dissolve.
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VOLUMETRIC ANDGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Volumetric analysis- a technique that employs themeasurement of volumes to determine quantitativelythe amount of a substance in solution. In any reactionbetween two or more species, the reaction equationwill show the stoichiometric ratio of reacting species.
Gravimetric analysis- based upon the measurementof mass. The precipitation method of gravimetricanalysis involves isolation of an ion in solution by aprecipitation reaction, filtering, washing theprecipitate free of contaminants, conversion of theprecipitate to a product of known composition, and
finally weighing the precipitate and determining itsmass by difference. From the mass and knowncomposition of the precipitate, the amount of theoriginal ion can be determined.