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James A. BethkeJames A. BethkeFloriculture Farm Advisor, UCCE San DiegoFloriculture Farm Advisor, UCCE San Diego
County CaliforniaCounty California
INSECTICIDE INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND ROTATIONROTATION
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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline• How does pesticide resistance occur?How does pesticide resistance occur?
•• Classic thought Classic thought•• Examples from experienceExamples from experience
One GrowerOne Grower’’s bane - Leafminerss bane - LeafminersDow - Western Flower ThripsDow - Western Flower Thrips
Why rotate? Why rotate?IRAC MOA - Modes of ActionIRAC MOA - Modes of Action
•• Solutions Solutions•• Resources Resources
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How does pesticide resistance occur?How does pesticide resistance occur?Classic resistance causeClassic resistance cause
•• It It’’s all in the genetics.s all in the genetics.•• ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population
that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species’.
Think another wayThink another wayItIt’’s in how much you apply and s in how much you apply and how often you use the same products (cost?).how often you use the same products (cost?).
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Liriomyza trifolii the serpentine leafminer
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Liriomyza trifolii third instar on mums
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Liriomyza trifolii infestation on gerbera
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Log Dose
Perc
en
t M
ort
ality
UCR 1 RR=1
UCR 1 No Conserve use
SB 1 Occassional use of Conserve/year
SB 2 264oz of Conserve/year
SB 3 20oz of Conserve/year
SB 4 352oz of Conserve/year
Orange and San Diego >1100oz/year
LC50
SB 1RR=25
SB 3RR=108
SB 2RR=25
SB 4RR=406
4000 ppm1ppm 10ppm 100ppm
194ppm
Orange &San DiegoRR=>667
1000ppm
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Heavy infestations ofHeavy infestations ofresistant leafminersresistant leafminers
Mum grower - leafminers were >1000fold resistant to spinosad
Gerbera grower - leafminers were >667fold resistant to spinosad
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Heavy infestations ofHeavy infestations ofresistant leafminersresistant leafminers
One year later both populations were assayed again.
Unfortunately, there was no change in the level of resistance for either population.
However, one grower changed and theother did not.
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0
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-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Log Dose
Perc
en
t M
ort
ality
UCR 1 RR=1
G 2 RR=24
G 1
UCR 1 No Conserve use
G 1 100-120oz of Conserve/year
G 2 440oz of Conserve/year
LC50
1ppm 100ppm10ppm
35 ppm
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Recent AssaysRecent AssaysThrips assays 24 hour mortalitySource Conserve Rate Live Dead % Mortality
UTC 74 5 6.3GROWER#1 50 45 45 50.0Limonium 200 13 56 81.2
UTC 52 11 17.5GROWER#2 50 0 88 100.0Butterfly 200 0 71 100.0
UTC 96 22 18.6GROWER#3 50 33 48 59.3
200 5 62 92.5
UTC 49 12 19.7GROWER#4 50 5 74 93.7Butterfly 200 0 49 100.0
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Silverleaf Whitefly
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Q Biotype ResistanceQ Biotype ResistanceFirst cases of First cases of
resistance to the resistance to the Neonicotinoid Neonicotinoid
InsecticidesInsecticides
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View this slide at the IRAC web site: IRAC-online.org
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Control Clothianidin Imidacloprid Dinotefuran Thiamethoxam
Days Post Treatment 12
Efficacy of Neonicotinoids Against Adult Whiteflies after a 48 Hour Exposure
Mea
n N
umbe
r of
Liv
e A
dults
/Cag
e Ten Adults/ClipcageOne Clipcage/PlantThree Plants/Treatment
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Efficacy Against Efficacy Against ‘‘QQ’’•• Trials run on Q-Biotype from a commercial source Trials run on Q-Biotype from a commercial source challenged by insecticideschallenged by insecticides
•• Effective active ingredients against the Q-Biotype to Effective active ingredients against the Q-Biotype todate are the following:date are the following:
•• Dinotefuran (+Adults, Thiamethoxam?)Dinotefuran (+Adults, Thiamethoxam?)
•• Avid Avid
•• Avid+ Avid+Talsar Talsar (+Adults)(+Adults)
•• PyridabenPyridaben
•• Spiromesifen Spiromesifen
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Pylon
0
20
40
60
80
100
334.4 167.2 83.6 41.8 20.9
Mea
n Pe
rcen
t Mor
talit
y
Day 2Day 5
4X 2X 1X 1/2 1/4X
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
ab
b
Floramite
0
20
40
60
80
100
600 300 150 37.5 75
Day 2Day 5
4X 2X 1X 1/2 1/4X
a
b b
b
b
a a a
a
a
Avid
0
20
40
60
80
100
21.96 10.98 5.49 2.74 1.37
PPM AI and rate factor of the highest recommended labeled rate
Mea
n Pe
rcen
t Mor
talit
y
Day 2Day 5
4X 2X 1X 1/2 1/4X
a
ab
bbc c
aa
a
a
a
Akari
0
20
40
60
80
100
377.6 188.8 94.4 47.2 23.6
PPM AI and rate factor of the highest recommended labeled rate
Day 2Day 5
4X 2X 1X 1/2 1/4X
ab
a
bc
bc
c
a
bc
ab
bc
c
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Early Rotation Early Rotation SchemesSchemes
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CHEMICAL CLASS• Organochlorines (endosulfan)
• Carbamates (carbaryl)
• Organophosphates (chlorpyrifos)
• Pyrethriods (permethrin)
• Nicotinoids (imidacloprid)
• IGRs (cyromazine)
• Macrocyclic lactones (abamectin)
• Oils/Soaps
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerve cell Synapse
Axon
DendritesSignal transmission
ACh and AChE
Receptors
NA+ and CL- channels
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Modes of ActionModes of Action
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MODE OF ACTION• Nervous system
• Chloride (CL-) channel blocker
• Mimic or block neurotransmitter (ACh)
• Act on the sodium (NA+) channel
• Block AChE
• Suffocation
• Desiccation
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MODE OF ACTION• METI - Mitochondrial respiration
• Lipid synthesis inhibitor
• Insect growth regulators
• Chitin synthesis inhibitors
• Juvenile hormone mimics
Unknowns
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Synapse
Axon
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Synapse
Axon
MFOs and Esterases
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Basics of RotationBasics of Rotation
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Mites
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MOA Group
21
6
25
10A
23
10A
21
21
10B
6
12
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21
6
25
10A
23
10A
21
21
10B
6
12
A rotation for mites.
1. Save best for toughtimes (Avid, Judo)
2. During cool fall andwinter, use softerproducts (Soaps, oils,Hexygon, Tetrasan).
3. During the warmerseason, when there aremore mitegenerations, ratherthan increase thefrequency, rotateamong IRAC MOA.
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MOA Group
21
6
25
10A
23
10A
21
21
10B
6
12
Never use Avid or Judo,Kontos unlessnecessary.
Begin with one productsuch as Floramite.One week later,switch to Shuttle,then to Akari. Watchthe label and followIPMrecommendations
As temperatures rise andpopulations increase,tank mix productsthat kill mobilestages with those thatkill eggs such as:
Floramite plus Hexygon
Or plus TetraSan
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OBSERVATIONSSuccessful growers monitor their crop veryclosely and treat hot spots. The products
they use are highly effective.
Growers that are less successful are treatingon a scheduled basis and usually tank mixing
more than one chemical class at one time.
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ConclusionsConclusionsResistance Avoidance Resistance Avoidance vs vs Resistance ManagementResistance Management
Very effective new productsVery effective new products
More to comeMore to come
tetronic tetronic acid lipid synthesis acid lipid synthesis inhibitorsinhibitors
numbered compoundsnumbered compounds
METIMETI
Many companies going with softer chemicalsMany companies going with softer chemicals
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Avoiding Pesticide Resistance• Scouting
• Early detection
• Proper identification of the pest
• Minimize frequency of application
• Avoid tank mixes
• Rotate the mode of action
• Use a more integrated approach
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Don’t be confused!
Don’t be confused betweenresistance and poor coverage or
inability to contact the pest.
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Where you find themWhere you find them is where you treatis where you treat
• Aphids - terminals and undersides of leavesAphids - terminals and undersides of leaves•• Leafminers - within leaf mines, adults all Leafminers - within leaf mines, adults all•• Whiteflies - all stages undersides of leaves Whiteflies - all stages undersides of leaves•• Thrips - in tight spaces, buds and flowers Thrips - in tight spaces, buds and flowers•• Mites - undersides of leavesMites - undersides of leaves•• Mealybugs - in crevasses or tight spacesMealybugs - in crevasses or tight spaces and covered in waxy coatingand covered in waxy coating
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ResourcesResourcesUCCE Web siteUCCE Web site
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/
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ResourcesResources
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ResourcesResourcesIRAC - Insecticide Resistance Action CommitteeIRAC-online.org
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ResourcesResourcesSyngenta and OHP have Chemical Class Chartswww.ohp.com/Labels_MSDS/PDF/CCC_XI.pdf
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