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Insects (Phylum Arthropoda; Sub-Phylum Uniramia)
Evolved over 300 million years agoMost successful group of animals (700,000 to 10 million species)
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Diversity (species and variety)Numbers (population size)Success due in part to enormous range of variationStructural (morphological)Physiological (chemical)Behavioral
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Characteristics and Classification
Body - 3 parts Head with 1 pair of antennaeThorax with 3 pair of jointed legs and in many species 1-2 pair of wingsAbdomen with 11 segments (lacks wings and legs)
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Success of the
Found virtually everywhere except the deep oceanExtremely short life span -> rapid adaptation to new environmentsSmall size -> greater partitioning of habitats while minimizing competitionFlight -> greater dispersal, escape from predation, and movement into environments less accessible to other species
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Insects and Human Society
Positive impactMajor pollinator of flowering plants (2/3 of all plants)Food for fish, birds and mammals (important link in food web)Help recycle materials (termites)Useful biproducts (honey and silk)
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Negative impactAgricultural pestsSpread disease
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Grasshoppers
3 main body segmentsHead (brain and sense organs)AntennaeCompound and simple eyesComplex moth parts
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Thorax (legs and wings attached)Prothorax and mesothorax (each have pair of walking legs)Metathorax (jumping legs
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Abdomen (organs of reproduction, digestion, respiration, and excretion)2 pair of wingsLeathery protective forewing (mesothorax)Hind wing which is used for flight (metathorax)
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Digestive System
Specialized mouthparts (liplike labium and labrum, jawlike mandibles and maxillae)Salivary glands (produce saliva)Digestive ceca (produces digestive enzymes)
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Food -> mouth -> esophagus -> crop (storage) -> gizzard (chitinous plates shred it) -> stomach (mid gut) (mixes with gastric enzymes from ceca and absorbed) -> hind gut (colon and rectum) -> anus
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Excretory System
Malpighian tubules in hindgut remove wastes from blood and deposit them in the rectum
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Circulatory System
Open circulatory systemBlood -> aorta -> hearts (muscular region of aorta in posterior abdomen) -> anterior coelom (head) -> abdomen (absorbs and disperses nutrients) -> aorta via ostia
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Respiratory System
Air -> spiracles (opening in thorax and abdomen) -> tracheae (network of air tubes) -> body tissuesContraction of abdomen reverses process
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Nervous System
Simple brainVentral nerve cord3 simple eyes (detect light)2 compound eyes (composed of hexagonal lenses capable of detecting movement but not sharp images)
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Tympanum (detects sounds; located on first abdominal segment)Antennae (detects touch and smell)
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Reproductive System
Sperm deposited into female's seminal receptacle (stored until eggs are released)Eggs fertilized internallyOvipositor (pair of pointed organs at tip of abdomen) used to dig a hole in soil and deposit eggs
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Development
Metamorphosis - developmental changes -> distinct changes in form and sizeIncomplete Metamorphosis3 stages (egg, nymph, and adult)Nymph- smaller immature form; similar to adult but underdeveloped reproductive organs and lack wingsExamples are grasshoppers and termites
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Complete Metamorphosis4 stages (egg, larva, pupa, and adult)Examples are butterflies, beetles and most other insects
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Hormonal Control
Controlled by sequential expression of genesInteraction of 3 hormones (brain, molting and juvenile)
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Brain hormone stimulates release of molting hormone (effect depends on level of juvenile hormone)Juvenile hormone level high -> molting hormone -> larva moltsJuvenile hormone level decreases -> molting hormone -> larva develop into pupaJuvenile hormone absent -> molting hormone -> pupa develops into adult
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Importance of Metamorphism
Different developmental stages -> different functions (specializations)Eliminates energy conflicts between growth and reproductionEliminates competition between life stagesMultistage life cycle helps survive harsh weather
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Defense
Defensive adaptations (agressive and passive) -> enhanced survivalCamouflage (cryptic coloration)Warning colorationMullerian mimicry- poisonous or dangerous species having similar patterns of coloration
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Batesian mimicry- nonpoisonous or nondangerous species having similar pattern or color to a poisonous or dangerous unrelated species
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Insect Behavior
Social behavior in honeybees Behaviors are genetically determined (instinctual or innate)Division of labor ->complex societies -> interdependence and need for communication
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Hive consists of 3 distinct formsWorkers - sterile females; majority of individuals in hiveQueen - fertile female; only function is reproductionDrones - male bees; only function is
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Workers
Average life span approximately 6 weeksPerform many functions at different times during their lives1st stage - feed honey and pollen to queen, drones and larvae (nurse bees); secrete royal jelly (high protein diet)2nd stage - Stop producing royal jelly and begin secreting wax -> build and repair hive, guard hive and fan wings to circulate fresh air in hive
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3rd stage - gather nector and pollen; legs modified with special structures to collect pollen; ovipositor modified for defense (stinger)
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Queen and Drones
Queen identical to workers except continuously supplied with royal jelly; Queen secretes "queen factor" which prevents other female larvae from becoming sexually matureMates only once; sperm stored in seminal receptacle for up to 5 years or more
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Drones (haploid (n) males) develop from unfertilized eggs; sole function to deliver sperm to queen; must be feed by workers
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Communication
Pheromones - chemicals released by an animal that affects the behavior or development of other animals of the same speciesSoundsTapping, rubbing, or signaling
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Round dance - food source near but no indication of exact locationWaggle dance- food far from hive, dirction of food indicated by the angle of the straight run and the distance indicated by the duration and the number of waggles
Honey Bee communication