Insulin & Glucagon are synthesized in pancreatic islet cells
Pancreas
Small IntestinePancreatic Duct
Acini Cells Islet Cells
Alpha Cells: secrete GLUCAGON
Beta Cells: secrete INSULIN
Muscle Cells uptake glucose from blood
Insulin Resistance: Decreased Uptake
Insulin Deficiency: Decreased Insulin Production
Diabetes: chronically high plasma glucose levels
Insulin secreted; excess glucose stored in muscle or fat
Insulin not secreted or not effectiveExcess glucose remains in bloodCan only be eliminated via kidney (VERY SLOW)
1) Excess glucose in renal filtrate (glucosuria)
2) Glucose in filtrate draws water away from renal ISF….huge increase in urine volume
3) Decreased blood volume & pressure
4) Circulatory system fails to compensate over time…anaerobic metabolism from dying tissues
5) Metabolic acidosis shuts down CNS
6) DEATH!
Diabetes: Multisystem Pathophysiology
Amputation in DiabetesHypovolemia = Root Cause
Reduced Blood Flow Impared Healing
Low Flow, High Tissue Glucose/Low O2
Rapid, Aggressive Infection
Amputation to containinfection