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Turkije Instituut – Utrecht31 January 2008
‘Taksim – Kars’
Modernization, democracy, and the future of Turkey
Intellectuals and Westernizationin Turkey
(1923-2008)
Baskin [email protected]
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Baskın Oran 2
Part I
Intellectuals
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Intellectuals in Underdeveloped Countries:the Aydın
- Aydın has no equivalent in Western languages. Origin: Aydınlanma (Age of Enlightenment).
- Driver and engine of Westernization- BUT may also be the brake..
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Class background
Petty Bourgeoisie
Small tradesman Aydın
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Petty Bourgeoisie and the West
- Small tradesman: Destroyed by the West
- Aydın: Created by the West(ern education)- Creator of a simulation of the West in its country. . “… is product of modernization before modernization reaches its country” (J.Kautsky)
- Therefore:-Identifies itself with the West, its creator
- (but, which West?)
- Identifies itself with the Nation-state, its creature
-(but, what kind of State?)....
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Baskın Oran 7
Part II
Westernization
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Baskın Oran 9
The Kemalist Revolution from Above:An Appraisal
- Huge Successes - Contradiction:
- Strong nation-state under heavy influence of the military vs. - “Contemporary Civilisation”
- Responses against Kemalist revolution: - Ethnic reactions- Religious reactions
- Civilian/Democratic reactions ..
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Baskın Oran 12
Two Westernization Movements: a comparison
.
Türkiyeli
(“from Turkey”)
Turk
(Muslim Turk)
Supra-identity:
Muslim
The human being Nation
(homogenous and secular)
Umma
Citizen
(voluntary)
Citizen
(compulsory)
Subject
Democratic state
(pluralist)
Nation-state
(monist)
Semi-feudal empire
EU Reform PackagesEU Reform Packages
(2001-2004)(2001-2004)
Kemalist RevolutionKemalist Revolution
(1920s)(1920s)Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
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Baskın Oran 13
Reactions against EU Reform Packages“Raise the flags high!”
- Started with: Insulting and penalizing the Minority Report (Arts. 301, 216)
Slogans:- “We’ll be split” (Cyprus, Pontus, Phanar, Diaspora, Kurds, sale
of summer houses, privatisation, etc.) - “Islamists will take over” - “Christian & imperialist West”Actions:- The website of the Gen.Staff: “Who doesn’t say ‘I’m proud to be
a Turk’ is an enemy and will stay so”- Lynching the leftist and Kurdish demonstrators; killing the non-
Muslim citizens and foreign missionaries ..
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Baskın Oran 14
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Baskın Oran 15
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Baskın Oran 16
Why this aberration ?
• A fear from Zombies: Unsolved problems stuffed in the closet now coming out all at once:
– Armenian p.– Islam p.– Kurdish p.
• A reaction against globalization symbolised by the EU Reforms - a new precondition for Turkish candidacy at every new EU document (Budget + Islamophobia/Turcophobia)
– Result: “Sevres Paranoia” - Panic among the Kemalist elites - they cannot
cope with all this by using the prescriptions of the 1930s - Panic among the masses – they are afraid of
losing “the dominant nation” position ...
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Baskın Oran 17
Analysis of the Present Situation Despair and Hope
1920s & 30s 2000s Kemalism EU Reform Packages
Religious Reaction Nationalist Reaction
(“Sèvres Paranoia”)