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Interactions Within Ecosystems
CH5
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Populations
• Made up of a group of organisms of the same species that live together in one place at one time and interbreed. (produce offspring)
• Understanding population growth is important– Populations of different species interact– Interactions can affect the number of individuals
in a population
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Population Growth• How do populations grow and shrink?– Immigration
• Movement of individuals into a population
– Emigration• Movement of individuals out of a population
• Growth Rate– Affected when more individuals are born than die
• Population grows
– Exponential growth• Numbers increase by a certain factor over a period of time• J-shaped curve graph (pg 104 in text)
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Exponential Growth
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• Logistic Growth– Exponential Growth illustrates what the
population would look like if there were no outside influences
– Populations are affected by certain factors like availability of habitat, predators, and disease
– Populations slow and stabilize– Carrying capacity• Largest population that an environment can support
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• Logistic Growth– Population growth that starts with a minimum
number of individuals and reaches a maximum depending on the carrying capacity of the habitat
– S – shaped curve graph (pg 105) • Population starts off small • Growth rate increases due to the abundance of
resources • Population reaches carrying capacity as resources
become scarce• Competition for resources slows the growth rate of the
population • birthrate = deathrate, no growth in population
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Logistical Growth
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Factors that Affect Population Size
• Abiotic Factors• Biotic Factors• Human Activities• Science and Technology• Predator – Prey Interactions– Predation– Coevolution
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• Predator – Prey Interactions– Predation• Act of one organism killing another for food
– Coevolution• Back and forth evolutionary adaptations as a result of
interactions
– Parasitism• One organism feeds on the other (host)
– Herbivory• Plants adapt to protect themselves from being eaten
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• Herbivory– Monarch caterpillar and
milkweed– Milkweed is toxic to deter
herbivores but does not harm caterpillar instead it stores toxin to keep from getting eaten itself
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• Predation/Coevolution– Zebra has stripes to confuse predator, also long
legs, stays in herds– Lion hunts in packs, camouflage with landscape
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• Symbiosis• Species live in close association with each other
– Mutualism • both species benefit
– Commensalism• one species benefits other is neither harmed or helped
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• Parasitism– Tapeworm
• Mutualism– Clownfish and Sea
Anemone
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• Commensalism– Orchid gets closer to the sun
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Competition
• Competition determines the organism’s niche– Role that the organism plays in the community
• Carving a Niche– Affects other organisms in the community– Niche vs Habitat• Habitat is where an organism lives• Niche is the role that the organism plays in that habitat
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Ecosystem Resiliency• Interactions between organisms and the number
of species (biodiversity) in an ecosystem add to the resiliency of an ecosystem.
• Resiliency– to withstand, resistant, tough, hardy, durable
• Keystone species– Species that is critical to an ecosystem because the
species affects the survival and number of other species in its community
– Examples (wolves in Yellowstone, Sea Otters off the Pacific Coast)
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